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X5522r-P3 / X5527r-P3 / X5568r-P3 / X5567r-P3
User’s Guide
75
Appendix C – Glossary
Term
Description
802.11
A family of specifications for wireless
LANs developed by a working group of the IEEE. This
wireless Ethernet protocol, often called Wi-Fi.
10BASE-T
A designation for the type of wiring used by Ethernet
networks with a data rate of 10 Mbps. Also known as
Category 3 (CAT 3) wiring. See data rate, Ethernet.
100BASE-T
A designation for the type of wiring used by Ethernet
networks with a data rate of 100 Mbps. Also known as
Category 5 (CAT 5) wiring. See data rate, Ethernet.
ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
The most commonly deployed “flavor” of DSL for home
users is asymmetrical DSL. The term asymmetrical
refers to its unequal data rates for downloading and
uploading (the download rate is higher than the upload
rate). The asymmetrical rates benefit home users
because they typically download much more data from
the Internet than they upload.
Analog
An analog signal is a signal that has had its frequency
modified in some way, such as by amplifying its strength
or varying its frequency, in order to add information to
the signal. The voice component in DSL is an analog
signal. See digital.
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
A standard for high-speed transmission of data, text,
voice, and video, widely used within the Internet. ATM
data rates range from 45 Mbps to 2.5 Gbps. See data
rate.
Authenticate
To verify a user’s identity, such as by prompting for a
password.
Binary
The “base two” system of numbers that uses only two
digits, 0 and 1, to represent all numbers. In binary, the
number 1 is written as 1, 2 as 10, 3 as 11, 4 as 100, etc.
Although expressed as decimal numbers for
convenience, IP addresses in actual use are binary
numbers; e.g., the IP address 209.191.4.240 is
11010001.10111111.00000100.11110000 in binary.
See bit, IP address, network mask.
Bit
Short for “binary digit,” a bit is a number that can have
two values, 0 or 1. See binary.
Bps
bits per second
Bridging
Passing data from your network to your ISP and vice
versa using the hardware addresses of the devices at
each location. Bridging contrasts with routing which can
add more intelligence to data transfers by using network
addresses instead. The device can perform both routing
and bridging. Typically, when both functions are
enabled, the device routes IP data and bridges all other
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User’s Guide
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types of data. See routing.
Broadband
A telecommunications technology that can send
different types of data over the same medium. DSL is a
broadband technology.
Broadcast
To send data to all computers on a network.
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP automates address assignment and
management. When a computer connects to the LAN,
DHCP assigns it an IP address from a shared pool of IP
addresses; after a specified time limit, DHCP returns the
address to the pool.
DHCP relay
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol relay
A DHCP relay is a computer that forwards DHCP data
between computers that request IP addresses and the
DHCP server that assigns the addresses. Each of the
device’s interfaces can be configured as a DHCP relay.
See DHCP.
DHCP server
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server
A DHCP server is a computer that is responsible for
assigning IP addresses to the computers on a LAN. See
DHCP.
Digital
Of data, having a form based on discrete values
expressed as binary numbers (0’s and 1’s). The data
component in DSL is a digital signal. See analog.
DNS
Domain Name System
The DNS maps domain names into IP addresses. DNS
information is distributed hierarchically throughout the
Internet among computers called DNS servers. For
example, www.yahoo.com is the domain name
associated with IP address 216.115.108.243. When you
start to access a web site, a DNS server looks up the
requested domain name to find its corresponding IP
address. If the DNS server cannot find the IP address, it
communicates with higher-level DNS servers to
determine the IP address. See domain name.
Domain name
A domain name is a user-friendly name used in place of
its associated IP address. Domain names must be
unique; their assignment is controlled by the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN). Domain names are a key element of URLs,
which identify a specific file at a web site. See DNS.
Download
To transfer data in the downstream direction, i.e., from
the Internet to the user.
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
A technology that allows both digital data and analog
voice signals to travel over existing copper telephone
lines.
Encryption keys
See network keys
Ethernet
The most commonly installed computer network
technology, usually using twisted pair wiring. Ethernet
data rates are 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps. See also
10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, twisted pair.
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FTP
File Transfer Protocol
A program used to transfer files between computers
connected to the Internet. Common uses include
uploading new or updated files to a web server, and
downloading files from a web server.
Gbps
Abbreviation of Gigabits per second, or one billion bits
per second. Internet data rates are often expressed in
Gbps.
Host
A device (usually a computer) connected to a network.
HTTP
Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol
HTTP is the main protocol used to transfer data from
web sites so that it can be displayed by web browsers.
See web browser, web site.
Hub
A hub is a place of convergence where data arrives from
one or more directions and is forwarded out in one or
more directions. It connects an Ethernet bridge/router to
a group of PCs on a LAN and allows communication to
pass between the networked devices.
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol
An Internet protocol used to report errors and other
network-related information. The ping command makes
use of ICMP.
IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a
technical professional society that fosters the
development of standards that often become national
and international standards.
Internet
The global collection of interconnected networks used
for both private and business communications.
Intranet
A private, company-internal network that looks like part
of the Internet (users access information using web
browsers), but is accessible only by employees.
IP
See TCP/IP.
IP address
Internet Protocol address
The address of a host (computer) on the Internet,
consisting of four numbers, each from 0 to 255,
separated by periods, e.g., 209.191.4.240. An IP
address consists of a network ID that identifies the
particular network the host belongs to, and a host ID
uniquely identifying the host itself on that network. A
network mask is used to define the network ID and the
host ID. Because IP addresses are difficult to
remember, they usually have an associated domain
name that can be specified instead. See domain name,
network mask.
ISP
Internet Service Provider
A company that provides Internet access to its
customers, usually for a fee.
LAN
Local Area Network.
A network limited to a small geographic area, such as a
home or small office.
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LED
Light Emitting Diode
An electronic light-emitting device. The indicator lights
on the front of the device are LEDs.
MAC address
Media Access Control address
The permanent hardware address of a device, assigned
by its manufacturer. MAC addresses are expressed as
six pairs of hex characters, with each pair separated by
colons. For example; NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN.
Mask
See network mask.
Mbps
Abbreviation for Megabits per second, or one million bits
per second. Network data rates are often expressed in
Mbps.
NAT
Network Address Translation
A service performed by many routers that translates
your network’s publicly known IP address into a private
IP address for each computer on your LAN. Only your
router and your LAN know these addresses; the outside
world sees only the public IP address when talking to a
computer on your LAN.
Network
A group of computers that are connected together,
allowing them to communicate with each other and
share resources, such as software, files, etc. A network
can be small, such as a LAN, or very large, such as the
Internet.
Network keys
(Also known as encryption keys.) 64-bit and 128-bit
encryption keys used in WEP wireless security
schemes. The keys encrypt data over the WLAN, and
only wireless PCs configured with WEP keys that
correspond to the keys configured on the device can
send/receive encrypted data.
Network mask
A network mask is a sequence of bits applied to an IP
address to select the network ID while ignoring the host
ID. Bits set to 1 mean “select this bit” while bits set to 0
mean “ignore this bit.” For example, if the network mask
255.255.255.0 is applied to the IP address 100.10.50.1,
the network ID is 100.10.50, and the host ID is 1. See
binary, IP address, subnet.
NIC
Network Interface Card
An adapter card that plugs into your computer and
provides the physical interface to your network cabling.
For Ethernet NICs this is typically an RJ-45 connector.
See Ethernet, RJ-45.
Packet
Data transmitted on a network consists of units called
packets. Each packet contains a payload (the data),
plus overhead information such as where it came from
(source address) and where it should go (destination
address).
Ping
Packet Internet (or Inter-Network) Groper
A program used to verify whether the host associated
with an IP address is online. It can also be used to
reveal the IP address for a given domain name.
Port
A physical access point to a device such as a computer
or router, through which data flows into and out of the
device.
PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol
A protocol for serial data transmission that is used to
carry IP (and other protocol) data between your ISP and
your computer. The WAN interface on the device uses
two forms of PPP called PPPoA and PPPoE. See
PPPoA, PPPoE.
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PPPoA
Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM
One of the two types of PPP interfaces you can define
for a Virtual Circuit (VC), the other type being PPPoE.
You can define only one PPPoA interface per VC.
PPPoE
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
One of the two types of PPP interfaces you can define
for a Virtual Circuit (VC), the other type being PPPoA.
You can define one or more PPPoE interfaces per VC.
Protocol
A set of rules governing the transmission of data. In
order for a data transmission to work, both ends of the
connection have to follow the rules of the protocol.
Remote
In a physically separate location. For example, an
employee away on travel who logs in to the company’s
intranet is a remote user.
RIP
Routing Information Protocol
The original TCP/IP routing protocol. There are two
versions of RIP: version I and version II.
RJ-11
Registered Jack Standard-11
The standard plug used to connect telephones, fax
machines, modems, etc. to a telephone port. It is a 6-pin
connector usually containing four wires.
RJ-45
Registered Jack Standard-45
The 8-pin plug used in transmitting data over phone
lines. Ethernet cabling usually uses this type of
connector.
Routing
Forwarding data between your network and the Internet
on the most efficient route, based on the data’s
destination IP address and current network conditions.
A device that performs routing is called a router.
SDNS
Secondary Domain Name System (server)
A DNS server that can be used if the primary DSN
server is not available. See DNS.
Subnet
A subnet is a portion of a network. The subnet is
distinguished from the larger network by a subnet mask
that selects some of the computers of the network and
excludes all others. The subnet’s computers remain
physically connected to the rest of the parent network,
but they are treated as though they were on a separate
network. See network mask.
Subnet mask
A mask that defines a subnet. See network mask.
TCP
See TCP/IP.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
The basic protocols used on the Internet. TCP is
responsible for dividing data up into packets for delivery
and reassembling them at the destination, while IP is
responsible for delivering the packets from source to
destination. When TCP and IP are bundled with
higher-level applications such as HTTP, FTP, Telnet,
etc., TCP/IP refers to this whole suite of protocols.
Telnet
An interactive, character-based program used to access
a remote computer. While HTTP (the web protocol) and
FTP only allow you to download files from a remote
computer, Telnet allows you to log into and use a
computer from a remote location.

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