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Appendix A
–
Glossary
Term
Description
802.11
A family of specifications for wireless
LANs developed by a working group of the IEEE. This wireless Ethernet
protocol, often called Wi-Fi.
10BASE-T
A designation for the type of wiring used by Ethernet networks with a data
rate of 10 Mbps. Also known as Category 3 (CAT 3) wiring. See data rate,
Ethernet.
100BASE-T
A designation for the type of wiring used by Ethernet networks with a data
rate of 100 Mbps. Also known as Category 5 (CAT 5) wiring. See data
rate, Ethernet.
ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
The most commonly deployed ―flavor‖ of DSL for home users is
asymmetrical DSL. The term asymmetrical refers to its unequal data rates
for downloading and uploading (the download rate is higher than the
upload rate). The asymmetrical rates benefit home users because they
typically download much more data from the Internet than they upload.
Analog
An analog signal is a signal that has had its frequency modified in some
way, such as by amplifying its strength or varying its frequency, in order to
add information to the signal. The voice component in DSL is an analog
signal. See digital.
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
A standard for high-speed transmission of data, text, voice, and video,
widely used within the Internet. ATM data rates range from 45 Mbps to 2.5
Gbps. See data rate.
Authenticate
To verify a user‘s identity, such as by prompting for a password.
Binary
The ―base two‖ system of numbers that uses only two digits, 0 and 1, to
represent all numbers. In binary, the number 1 is written as 1, 2 as 10, 3
as 11, 4 as 100, etc. Although expressed as decimal numbers for
convenience, IP addresses in actual use are binary numbers; e.g., the IP
address 209.191.4.240 is 11010001.10111111.00000100.11110000 in
binary. See bit, IP address, network mask.
Bit
Short for ―binary digit,‖ a bit is a number that can have two values, 0 or 1.
See binary.
Bps
bits per second
Bridging
Passing data from your network to your ISP and vice versa using the
hardware addresses of the devices at each location. Bridging contrasts
with routing which can add more intelligence to data transfers by using
network addresses instead. The device can perform both routing and
bridging. Typically, when both functions are enabled, the device routes IP
data and bridges all other types of data. See routing.
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Broadband
A telecommunications technology that can send different types of data
over the same medium. DSL is a broadband technology.
Broadcast
To send data to all computers on a network.
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP automates address assignment and management. When a
computer connects to the LAN, DHCP assigns it an IP address from a
shared pool of IP addresses; after a specified time limit, DHCP returns the
address to the pool.
DHCP relay
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol relay
A DHCP relay is a computer that forwards DHCP data between
computers that request IP addresses and the DHCP server that assigns
the addresses. Each of the device‘s interfaces can be configured as a
DHCP relay. See DHCP.
DHCP server
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server
A DHCP server is a computer that is responsible for assigning IP
addresses to the computers on a LAN. See DHCP.
Digital
Of data, having a form based on discrete values expressed as binary
numbers (0‘s and 1‘s). The data component in DSL is a digital signal. See
analog.
DNS
Domain Name System
The DNS maps domain names into IP addresses. DNS information is
distributed hierarchically throughout the Internet among computers called
DNS servers. For example, www.yahoo.com is the domain name
associated with IP address 216.115.108.243. When you start to access a
web site, a DNS server looks up the requested domain name to find its
corresponding IP address. If the DNS server cannot find the IP address, it
communicates with higher-level DNS servers to determine the IP address.
See domain name.
Domain name
A domain name is a user-friendly name used in place of its associated IP
address. Domain names must be unique; their assignment is controlled by
the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
Domain names are a key element of URLs, which identify a specific file at
a web site. See DNS.
Download
To transfer data in the downstream direction, i.e., from the Internet to the
user.
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
A technology that allows both digital data and analog voice signals to
travel over existing copper telephone lines.
Encryption keys
See network keys
Ethernet
The most commonly installed computer network technology, usually using
twisted pair wiring. Ethernet data rates are 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps. See
also 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, twisted pair.
Firewall
A firewall is protection between the Internet and your local network. It acts
as the firewall in your car does, protecting the interior of the car from the
engine. Your car's firewall has very small opening that allow desired
connections from the engine into the cabin (gas pedal connection, etc),
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but if something happens to your engine, you are protected.
The firewall in the router is very similar. Only the connections that you
allow are passed through the firewall. These connections normally
originate from the local network, such as users web browsing, checking e-
mail, downloading files, and playing games. However, you can allow
incoming connections so that you can run programs like a web server.
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
A program used to transfer files between computers connected to the
Internet. Common uses include uploading new or updated files to a web
server, and downloading files from a web server.
Gbps
Abbreviation of Gigabits per second, or one billion bits per second.
Internet data rates are often expressed in Gbps.
Host
A device (usually a computer) connected to a network.
HTTP
Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol
HTTP is the main protocol used to transfer data from web sites so that it
can be displayed by web browsers. See web browser, web site.
Hub
A hub is a place of convergence where data arrives from one or more
directions and is forwarded out in one or more directions. It connects an
Ethernet bridge/router to a group of PCs on a LAN and allows
communication to pass between the networked devices.
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol
An Internet protocol used to report errors and other network-related
information. The ping command makes use of ICMP.
IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a technical
professional society that fosters the development of standards that often
become national and international standards.
Internet
The global collection of interconnected networks used for both private and
business communications.
Intranet
A private, company-internal network that looks like part of the Internet
(users access information using web browsers), but is accessible only by
employees.
IP
See TCP/IP.
IP address
Internet Protocol address
The address of a host (computer) on the Internet, consisting of four
numbers, each from 0 to 255, separated by periods, e.g., 209.191.4.240.
An IP address consists of a network ID that identifies the particular
network the host belongs to, and a host ID uniquely identifying the host
itself on that network. A network mask is used to define the network ID
and the host ID. Because IP addresses are difficult to remember, they
usually have an associated domain name that can be specified instead.
See domain name, network mask.
ISP
Internet Service Provider
A company that provides Internet access to its customers, usually for a
fee.
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LAN
Local Area Network.
A network limited to a small geographic area, such as a home or small
office.
LED
Light Emitting Diode
An electronic light-emitting device. The indicator lights on the front of the
device are LEDs.
MAC address
Media Access Control address
The permanent hardware address of a device, assigned by its
manufacturer. MAC addresses are expressed as six pairs of hex
characters, with each pair separated by colons. For example;
NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN.
Mask
See network mask.
Mbps
Abbreviation for Megabits per second, or one million bits per second.
Network data rates are often expressed in Mbps.
NAT
Network Address Translation
A service performed by many routers that translates your network‘s
publicly known IP address into a private IP address for each computer on
your LAN. Only your router and your LAN know these addresses; the
outside world sees only the public IP address when talking to a computer
on your LAN.
Network
A group of computers that are connected together, allowing them to
communicate with each other and share resources, such as software,
files, etc. A network can be small, such as a LAN, or very large, such as
the Internet.
Network keys
(Also known as encryption keys.) 64-bit and 128-bit encryption keys used
in WEP wireless security schemes. The keys encrypt data over the
WLAN, and only wireless PCs configured with WEP keys that correspond
to the keys configured on the device can send/receive encrypted data.
Network mask
A network mask is a sequence of bits applied to an IP address to select
the network ID while ignoring the host ID. Bits set to 1 mean ―select this
bit‖ while bits set to 0 mean ―ignore this bit.‖ For example, if the network
mask 255.255.255.0 is applied to the IP address 100.10.50.1, the network
ID is 100.10.50, and the host ID is 1. See binary, IP address, subnet.
NIC
Network Interface Card
An adapter card that plugs into your computer and provides the physical
interface to your network cabling. For Ethernet NICs this is typically an
RJ-45 connector. See Ethernet, RJ-45.
Packet
Data transmitted on a network consists of units called packets. Each
packet contains a payload (the data), plus overhead information such as
where it came from (source address) and where it should go (destination
address).
Ping
Packet Internet (or Inter-Network) Groper
A program used to verify whether the host associated with an IP address
is online. It can also be used to reveal the IP address for a given domain
name.
Port
A physical access point to a device such as a computer or router, through
which data flows into and out of the device.
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PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol
A protocol for serial data transmission that is used to carry IP (and other
protocol) data between your ISP and your computer. The WAN interface
on the device uses two forms of PPP called PPPoA and PPPoE. See
PPPoA, PPPoE.
PPPoA
Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM
One of the two types of PPP interfaces you can define for a Virtual Circuit
(VC), the other type being PPPoE. You can define only one PPPoA
interface per VC.
PPPoE
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
One of the two types of PPP interfaces you can define for a Virtual Circuit
(VC), the other type being PPPoA. You can define one or more PPPoE
interfaces per VC.
Protocol
A set of rules governing the transmission of data. In order for a data
transmission to work, both ends of the connection have to follow the rules
of the protocol.
Remote
In a physically separate location. For example, an employee away on
travel who logs in to the company‘s intranet is a re
mote user.
RIP
Routing Information Protocol
The original TCP/IP routing protocol. There are two versions of RIP:
version I and version II.
RJ-11
Registered Jack Standard-11
The standard plug used to connect telephones, fax machines, modems,
etc. to a telephone port. It is a 6-pin connector usually containing four
wires.
RJ-45
Registered Jack Standard-45
The 8-pin plug used in transmitting data over phone lines. Ethernet
cabling usually uses this type of connector.
Routing
Forwarding data between your network and the Internet on the most
efficient route, based on the data‘s destination IP address and current
network conditions. A device that performs routing is called a router.
SDNS
Secondary Domain Name System (server)
A DNS server that can be used if the primary DSN server is not available.
See DNS.
Subnet
A subnet is a portion of a network. The subnet is distinguished from the
larger network by a subnet mask that selects some of the computers of
the network and excludes all others. The subnet‘s compu
ters remain
physically connected to the rest of the parent network, but they are
treated as though they were on a separate network. See network mask.
Subnet mask
A mask that defines a subnet. See network mask.
TCP
See TCP/IP.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
The basic protocols used on the Internet. TCP is responsible for dividing
data up into packets for delivery and reassembling them at the
destination, while IP is responsible for delivering the packets from source
to destination. When TCP and IP are bundled with higher-level
applications such as HTTP, FTP, Telnet, etc., TCP/IP refers to this whole

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