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9.3 Glossary

ACS

Automatic Configuration Server

A Web-based management system encompassing configuration and administration of an

end-to-end IP communications solution.

On your automatic-configuration server, create

global groups that correspond to your .ins file name (without the extension)—for

example, IE_groupname.

ADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

ADSL is a technology for transmitting digital information at a high bandwidth on

existing phone lines to homes and businesses. Unlike regular dial-up phone service,

ADSL provides continuously-available, "always on" connection. ADSL is asymmetric in

that it uses most of the channel to transmit downstream to the user and only a small part

to receive information from the user. ADSL simultaneously accommodates analog

(voice) information on the same line. ADSL is generally offered at downstream data

rates from 512 kbit/s to about 6 Mbit/s.

ADSL2+

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 2+

ADSL2plus doubles the bandwidth used for downstream data transmission, effectively

doubling the maximum downstream data rates, and achieving rates of 20 Mbit/s on

phone lines as long as 5,000 feet. ADSL2plus solutions will most commonly be

multimode, interoperating with ADSL and ADSL2, as well as with ADSL2plus chipsets.

ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Asynchronous transfer mode is a high-performance, cell-oriented switching and

multiplexing technology that utilizes fixed-length packets to carry different types of

traffic. ATM was originally conceived as a high-speed transfer technology for voice,

video, and data over public networks.

Browser

A computer program that allows users to view information from the Internet. To use a

browser, you type in the URL of a website, the browser then connects your computer to

the website, and displays the information on your screen.

DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

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DHCP is a client-server networking protocol. Most organizations use DHCP. A DHCP

server provides configuration parameters specific to the DHCP client host requesting,

generally, information required by the host to participate on the Internet network. DHCP

also provides a mechanism for allocation of IP addresses to hosts.

DNS

Domain Name System

A hierarchical way of tracking domain names and their addresses, devised in the

mid-1980s. The DNS database does not rely on one file or even one server, but rather is

distributed over several key computers across the Internet to prevent catastrophic failure

if one or a few computers crash. DNS is a TCP/IP service that belongs to the Application

layer of the OSI model.

Ethernet

A local area network (LAN) architecture developed by Xerox Corporation in

cooperation with DEC and Intel in 1976. Ethernet uses a bus or star topology and

supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbit/s. The Ethernet specification serves as the basis

for the IEEE 802.3 standard, which specifies the physical and lower software layers.

Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD access method to handle simultaneous demands. It is one of

the most widely implemented LAN standards.

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a standards organization for

computer and electronic devices. Its senior members are IEEE fellows.

Internet

Largest global internet work, connecting tens of thousands of networks worldwide and

having a "culture" that focuses on research and standardization based on real-life use.

Many leading-edge network technologies come from the Internet community.

The most important uses of Internet are:

z

Email

z

World Wide Web (WWW)

z

Data transfer

z

Forum of discussion

z

Peer-to-peer data transfer

z

Chat

z

Audio/video streaming

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IP

Internet Protocol

The set of standards responsible for ensuring that data packets transmitted over the

Internet are routed to their intended destinations.

IP address

An IP address is the logical address of a network adapter. The IP address uniquely

identifies computers on a network. An IP address can be private, for use on a LAN, or

public, for use on the Internet or other WAN.

ISP

Internet Service Provider

An ISP (Internet Service Provider) is a commercial enterprise, which allows users,

companies, and organizations to access the Internet.

LAN

Local Area Network

A computer network covering a small local area, like a home, office, or small group of

buildings such as a home, office, or college. Current LANs are most likely to be based on

switched Ethernet or Wi-Fi technology running at 10, 100 or 1,000 Mbit/s (1,000 Mbit/s

is also known as 1 Gbit/s).

MAC address

It is a hardware address that uniquely identifies each node of a network.

Mbit/s

Megabit per second

A unit used to express the speed of a network.

NAPT

Network Address Port Translation

NAPT enables a LAN to use one set of IP addresses for internal traffic and a second set

of addresses for external traffic.

PPPoE

Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet

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PPPoE is a network protocol for encapsulating PPP frames in Ethernet frames. It is used

mainly with DSL services. It offers standard PPP features such as authentication,

encryption, and compression.

Protocol

On the Internet, "protocol" usually refers to a set of rules that define an exact format for

communication between systems.

PSTN

Public Switched Telephone Network

Refers generally to the variety of telephone networks and services in place worldwide

and is sometimes called POTS.

In United States, PSTN refers to the entire interconnected collection of local, long

distance and international phone companies, which could be thousands.

PTM

Packet Transfer Mode

In this model, IP packets directly encapsulated in HDLC frame format for transmission.

Server

A computer or program that responds to commands from a client. For example, a file

server may contain an archive of data or program files. When a client submits a request

for a file, the server transfers a copy of the file to the client.

Subnet mask

The technique used by the IP protocol to determine the network segment to which

packets are sent. The subnet mask is a binary pattern that is stored in the client machine,

server or router, and is matched with the IP address.

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol

A reliable transport protocol within the TCP/IP protocol suite. TCP ensures that all data

reaches the other end accurately and data is 100% intact. TCP's unreliable counterpart is

UDP, which is used for streaming media, VoIP and videoconferencing.

TCP/IP

A suite of communications protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP uses

several protocols, the two main ones being TCP and IP.

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UDP

User Datagram Protocol

One of the TCP/IP suite of protocols for data transfer, which allows an application

program on one machine to send a datagram to an application program on another

machine.

VDSL

Very high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line

VDSL is a DSL technology providing faster data transmission over a single flat

untwisted or twisted pair of copper wires. These fast speeds mean that VDSL is capable

of supporting high bandwidth applications such as HDTV, as well as telephone services

(Voice over IP) and general Internet access, over a single connection. VDSL is deployed

over existing wiring used for POTS and lower-speed DSL connections. This standard

was approved by ITU in November 2001.

VDSL2

Very

High Speed Digital Subscribe Line 2

VDSL2 is an access technology that exploits the existing infrastructure of copper wires

that were originally deployed for POTS. It can be deployed from central offices, from

fibre-fed cabinets located near the customer premises, or within buildings.

In theory,

VDSL2 can achieve the highest transmission rates of 100 Mbit/s, and more perfectly

using the high-speed performance of short distance.

Virtual server

A virtual server allows you to direct incoming traffic from the Internet (identified by

protocol and external port) to an internal server with a private IP address on the LAN.

WAN

Wide Area Network

WAN usually refers to a network which covers a large geographical area, and uses

communications circuits to connect the intermediate nodes. A major factor impacting

WAN design and performance is a requirement that allows communications circuits to be

leased from telephone companies or other communications carriers.

WPA-PSK

Wi-Fi Protected Access-Pre Shared Key

WPA is an industry standard based on a subset of an early draft of 802.11i. WPA replaces

WEP's keying mechanism with a more robust system, called Temporal Key Integrity

Protocol (although TKIP is still based on RC4 encryption). WPA adds a strong message

integrity check and allows for authentication using 802.1X.