AVM FRITZ-Box-Fon-WLAN-7570 Router Manual PDF (Setup & Configuration Guide)

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Glossary

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151

Subnet mask

The subnet mask indicates which part of an IP address is

the network address and which the address of the comput-

er. The network address defines what is called the subnet.

Example 1

IP address:

192.168.178.247

Subnet mask:

255.255.255.0

The assignment of the first three groups of numerals in the sub-

net mask indicates that the first three groups of numerals in the

IP address define the network. The following addresses result:

Network address of the subnet:

192.168.178.0

Address of the computer in the

subnet:

192.168.178.247

IP address pool in the subnet:

192.168.178.0 -

192.168.178.255

The IP addresses 192.168.178.0

and 192.168.178.255 are reser-

ved. This means that the ad-

dresses from 192.168.178.1 to

192.168.178.254 are available

for assignment to the comput-

ers.

Example 2

IP address:

192.,168.178.247

Subnet mask:

255.255.0.0

The assignment of the first two groups of numerals in the subnet

mask indicates that the first two groups of numerals in the IP ad-

dress define the network. The following addresses result:

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Glossary

TCP/IP

abbreviation for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet

Protocol

TCP/IP is the “language” of the Internet. TCP/IP is used to

refer to a suite of protocols used for data communication

over the Internet. TCP and IP are the network and transport

protocols underlying most Internet services, including file

transfer (FTP) and e-mail communication (SMTP). TCP/IP is

available for practically all computer systems. TCP/IP thus

offers the advantage of trouble-free communication be-

tween otherwise incompatible networks and systems.

TR-069

T-069 is an HTTP-based protocol for communication be-

tween CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) and an Auto

Configuration Server (ACS) belonging to the Internet Ser-

vice Provider. The TR-069 protocol is also known under the

alternative name CPE WAN Management Protocol (CWMP).

It offers the possibility of secure automatic configuration of

the terminal device and thus, most importantly, facilitates

simple initial configuration of the ADSL terminal equipment

by the end customer.

The TR-069 protocol can be used for automatic configura-

tion only if it is actively supported by the given terminal de-

vice. For this an Auto Configuration Client (ACC) must be in-

tegrated in the device. The specifications for automatic

configuration of the ADSL terminal device are stored on the

Auto Configuration Server by the given Internet Service

Network address of the subnet:

192.168.0.0

Address of the computer in the

subnet:

192,168,178,247

IP address pool in the subnet:

192.168.0.0 - 192,168,255,255

The IP addresses 192.168.0.0

and 192.168.255.255 are reser-

ved. This means that the ad-

dresses from 192.168.0.1 to

192.168.255.254 are available

for assignment to the comput-

ers.

Example 2

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Glossary

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153

Provider. The process of automatic configuration via TR-069

is initiated by the ADSL terminal device. First the user en-

ters a security key and then the settings are retrieved from

the Auto Configuration Server and implemented in the AD-

SL terminal device without any further interaction with the

user. During this process all of the communication between

the ADSL terminal device and the Auto Configuration Server

takes place in encrypted form.

Traffic shaping

Traffic shaping is a technology for the optimization of ca-

pacity loads in a communication connection. Especially for

asymmetrical DSL connections, using traffic shaping can

prevent that a download is delayed or blocked by high up-

load traffic.

Data transfer in the Internet is generally based on the

TCP/IP protocol, which waits for the remote site to confirm

reception after sending one or more data packets. Addition-

al data packets are not sent until this confirmation of recep-

tion arrives. If no confirmation arrives over a longer period

of time, the non-confirmed data packets are transmitted

again. The dispatch of such a confirmation can be delayed,

for instance, because the bandwidth for transfer (upload) is

already being used by the data packets of other applica-

tions. But since the remote site does not signal the recep-

tion of the expected confirmation packets until after they

have arrived, this could cause noticeable delays in render-

ing a requested web site or a drop in the throughput rate of

a download. In the worst-case scenario, the remote site will

abort transmission after several apparently unsuccessful

attempts to transfer the data packets. Typical causes for

such a blockade situation include sending an e-mail mes-

sage or the use of a program for private data exchange (also

known as file sharing or peer-to-peer software).

Through traffic shaping these delays are avoided by provid-

ing the dispatch of confirmation packets with bandwidth

suitable for the given download activities. All of the packets

to be sent are also assigned a priority suitable for their

packet types.

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Glossary

Update

A more recent version of software or firmware is called an

update. Updates are often free of charge, resolve minor

programming errors, and sometimes also offer new func-

tions.

Upload

This term designates the procedure of transmitting files

from one’s own computer to another computer in the Inter-

net.

UPnP

abbreviation for Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)

UPnP is an extension of the Microsoft Plug & Play standard

that allows devices to network globally and to exchange

services—without a central server or computer.

UPnP allows devices from all kinds of manufacturers (ster-

eo systems, routers, printers, house controls) to be con-

trolled via an IP-based network, with or without central con-

trol through a gateway. It is based on a number of standard-

ized network protocols and data formats. Expressed sim-

plistically, devices can communicate with each other using

UPnP to exchange information.

Today the UPnP forum specifies the UPnP standard and cer-

tifies devices that are compliant with the standard.

VoIP

abbreviation for Voice over IP, also known as Internet tele-

phony

Voice over IP makes telephone calls possible via the Inter-

net. The technology has already been in use for years, but

today it allows even private customers the convenience fa-

miliar from conventional telephony, usually at significantly

lower prices. VoIP has also made it considerably more con-

venient to use applications like conference calls and an-

swering machines in networks. Added to this are global ac-

cessibility under a single telephone number and new VoIP

features like the Buddy List known from chat rooms.

Internet telephony used to be possible only with a headset

connected to the computers of the callers and their conver-

sation partners. Today voice connections via the Internet,

even to fixed-line and mobile networks, can be conducted

conveniently using VoIP telephone systems that allow

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Glossary

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155

already existing analog telephones to be used even when

the computer is switched off. Various Internet Service Pro-

viders and telephony carriers provide SIP fixed-line gate-

ways for this purpose. Such a gateway is used to produce

voice connections between the Internet and conventional

telephone networks. In principle VoIP conversations are

possible via every DSL line, but for convenient use with ex-

isting terminal equipment, and for conversations with the

fixed-line and mobile networks, it is important that the DSL

provider support what is known as the SIP standard. SIP is

the current standard defined for VoIP by the IETF (Internet

Engineering Task Force).

WLAN

abbreviation for Wireless LAN, or Wireless Local Area Net-

work

The term WLAN designates the industry standard for wire-

less local networks passed by the Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1997 under the title

IEEE 802.11.

By means of WLAN technology, individual computers or net-

work devices like printers or DSL access points can be

linked wirelessly to an existing cable-connected local

network (LAN), or LANs can be converted completely to a

wireless structure. A further useful purpose for WLAN tech-

nology is to link segments of existing cable-connected net-

works.

Although WLAN was actually developed only for short-

range connections, by cascading WLAN access points or

implementing transmission networks with high-power

point-to-point radio transmission, even network segments

located further from each other can be linked or network

participants in relatively remote locations can be economi-

cally and easily integrated into an existing network.

WLAN access points often also serve as access points to

the Internet in private or public institutions. Many airports,

hotels and cafes, for instance, make WLAN hotspots availa-

ble to their customers, either free or subject to a charge. Ul-

timately this has maneuvered WLAN into serious competi-

tion with mobile UMTS technology.

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