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User Manual for the NETGEAR PS121 Mini Print Server
Understanding IP Addresses
B-5
The following table lists the additional subnet mask bits in dotted-decimal notation. To use the
table, write down the original class netmask and replace the 0 value octets with the dotted-decimal
value of the additional subnet bits. For example, to partition your Class C network with subnet
mask 255.255.255.0 into 16 subnets (4 bits), the new subnet mask becomes 255.255.255.240.
The following table displays several common netmask values in both the dotted-decimal and the
masklength formats.
Note:
The number 192.68.135.127 is not assigned because it is the broadcast address
of the first subnet. The number 192.68.135.128 is not assigned because it is the network
address of the second subnet.
Table 4-1.
Netmask Notation Translation Table for One Octet
Number of Bits
Dotted-Decimal Value
1
128
2
192
3
224
4
240
5
248
6
252
7
254
8
255
Table 4-2.
Netmask Formats
Dotted-Decimal
Masklength
255.0.0.0
/8
255.255.0.0
/16
255.255.255.0
/24
255.255.255.128
/25
255.255.255.192
/26
255.255.255.224
/27
255.255.255.240
/28
255.255.255.248
/29
Page 32 / 41
User Manual for the NETGEAR PS121 Mini Print Server
B-6
Understanding IP Addresses
NETGEAR strongly recommends that you configure all hosts on a LAN segment to use the same
netmask for the following reasons:
•
So that hosts recognize local IP broadcast packets.
When a device broadcasts to its segment neighbors, it uses a destination address of the local
network address with all ones for the host address. In order for this scheme to work, all devices
on the segment must agree on which bits comprise the host address.
•
So that a local router or bridge recognizes which addresses are local and which are remote.
Private IP Addresses
If your networks are isolated from the Internet (for example, only between your two branch
offices), you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the IANA has
reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
NETGEAR recommends that you choose your private network number from this range.
NETGEAR products default to 192.168.0.xxx.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the
guidelines explained here. For more information about address assignment, refer to RFC 1597,
Address Allocation for Private Internets,
and RFC 1466,
Guidelines for Management of IP
Address Space
. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) publishes RFCs on its Web site at
www.ietf.org
.
255.255.255.252
/30
255.255.255.254
/31
255.255.255.255
/32
Table 4-2.
Netmask Formats
Page 33 / 41
User Manual for the NETGEAR PS121 Mini Print Server
Understanding IP Addresses
B-7
Address Resolution Protocol
An IP address alone cannot be used to deliver data from one device to another on a LAN. In order
for data to be sent from one device on the LAN to another, you must convert the IP address of the
destination device to its media access control (MAC) address. Each device on an Ethernet network
has a unique Ethernet MAC address, which is a 48-bit number assigned to each device by the
manufacturer. The technique that associates the IP address with a MAC address is known as
address resolution, and IP uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) to do this.
If a device needs to send data to another station on the network and it does not already have the
destination MAC address recorded, ARP is used. An ARP request is broadcast onto the network,
and all stations receive and read the request. The destination IP address is included as part of the
message so that only the station with the correct IP address responds to the ARP request and all
other nodes discard it.
The node with the right IP address responds with its own MAC address directly to the sender,
providing the transmitting station with the destination MAC address needed for it to send the data.
The IP address data and MAC address data for each node are held in an ARP table, so that the next
time data needs to be sent, the address can be obtained from the address information in the table.
IP Configuration by DHCP
When an IP-based local area network is installed, each workstation must be configured with an IP
address. If the workstations need to access the Internet, they should also be configured with a
gateway address and one or more DNS server addresses. As an alternative to manual
configuration, there is a method by which each device on the network can obtain this configuration
information automatically. A device on the network may act as a Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) server. The DHCP server stores a list or pool of IP addresses, along with other
information (such as gateway and DNS addresses) that it may assign to the other devices on the
network. The most of NETGEAR routers have the capacity to act as a DHCP server.
Page 34 / 41
User Manual for the NETGEAR PS121 Mini Print Server
B-8
Understanding IP Addresses
Page 35 / 41
Glossary
1
Glossary
List of Glossary Terms
Use the list below to find definitions for technical terms used in this manual.
10BASE-T
IEEE 802.3 specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Category 3, 4, or 5 twisted pair wiring.
100BASE-Tx
IEEE 802.3 specification for 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet over Category 5 twisted pair wiring.
1000BASE-T
IEEE 802.3 specification for 1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet over Category 5 twisted pair wiring.
802.1Q
IEEE specification for the operation of Virtual LAN (VLAN) Bridges that permit the definition, operation
and administration of Virtual LAN topologies within a Bridged LAN infrastructure.
802.3
The IEEE standard defining the hardware layer and transport layer of (a varient of) Ethernet. The maximum
segment length is 500m and the maximum total length is 2.5km. The maximum number of hosts is 1024.
The maximum packet size is 1518 bytes.
802.3ab
Gigabit ethernet over Copper (also known as 1000BaseT) is an extension of the existing Fast Ethernet
standard. It specifies Gigabit Ethernet operation over the Category 5e/6 cabling systems already installed,
making it a highly cost effective solution.
802.3u
The IEEE committee working on standards for Fast Ethernet.
ADSL
Short for asymmetric digital subscriber line, a technology that allows data to be sent over existing copper
telephone lines at data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and
from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate).

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