Zyxel VMG1312-B10D Router Manual PDF (Setup & Configuration Guide)

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Appendix B Wireless LANs

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296

Figure 172

RTS/CTS

When station

sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station

is already using the

channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of

data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.

RTS/CTS

is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An

RTS/CTS

defines the biggest

size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is

invoked.

When a data frame exceeds the

RTS/CTS

value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station

that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for

permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other

stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms

with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.

Stations can send frames smaller than the specified

RTS/CTS

directly to the AP without the RTS

(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.

You should only configure

RTS/CTS

if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and

the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS

(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.

If the

RTS/CTS

value is greater than the

Fragmentation Threshold

value (see next), then the

RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be

fragmented before they reach

RTS/CTS

size.

Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could

negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.

Fragmentation Threshold

is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes)

that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data

frames.

A large

Fragmentation Threshold

is recommended for networks not prone to interference while

you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.

If the

Fragmentation Threshold

value is smaller than the

RTS/CTS

value (see previously) you

set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames

will be fragmented before they reach

RTS/CTS

size.

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Appendix B Wireless LANs

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IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN

IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b

adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or

lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the

maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:

Wireless Security Overview

Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless

clients, access points and the wired network.

Wireless security methods available on the Device are data encryption, wireless client

authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the Device identity.

The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on

your Device.

Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the Device and on all

wireless clients that you want to associate with it.

IEEE 802.1x

In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to

support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It

is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x

are:

•

User based identification that allows for roaming.

Table 127

IEEE 802.11g

DATA RATE (MBPS)

MODULATION

DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)

DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)

5.5 / 11

CCK (Complementary Code Keying)

6/9/12/18/24/36/48/

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

Table 128

Wireless Security Levels

SECURITY

LEVEL

SECURITY TYPE

Least

Secure

Most Secure

Unique SSID (Default)

Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled

MAC Address Filtering

WEP Encryption

IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)

WPA2

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•

Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for

centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server.

•

Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional

authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless

clients.

RADIUS

RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and

accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server

handles the following tasks:

• Authentication

Determines the identity of the users.

• Authorization

Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the

network.

• Accounting

Keeps track of the client’s network activity.

RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the

wireless client and the network RADIUS server.

Types of RADIUS Messages

The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS

server for user authentication:

• Access-Request

Sent by an access point requesting authentication.

• Access-Reject

Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.

• Access-Accept

Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.

• Access-Challenge

Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point

sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message.

The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS

server for user accounting:

• Accounting-Request

Sent by the access point requesting accounting.

• Accounting-Response

Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.

In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret

key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the

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Appendix B Wireless LANs

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299

shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from

unauthorized access.

Types of EAP Authentication

This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and

LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types.

EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE

802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP

to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a

RADIUS server perform authentication.

The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that

supports IEEE 802.1x.

For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain

the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used

to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate

owner.

EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)

MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server

sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by

encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in

plain text.

However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get

the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the

authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an

authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication.

Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You

must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.

EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)

With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for

mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of

the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done

in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive

attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity.

However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which

imposes a management overhead.

EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)

EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-

side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending

username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client

authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP,

CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.

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PEAP (Protected EAP)

Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then

use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the

clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5,

EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is

implemented only by Cisco.

LEAP

LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x.

Dynamic WEP Key Exchange

The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the

wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is

generated each time reauthentication is performed.

If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless

security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while

dynamic WEP is enabled.

Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange

For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic

keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public

deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a

comparison of the features of authentication types.

WPA and WPA2

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a

wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management

than WPA.

Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user

authentication.

If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use

WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use

Table 129

Comparison of EAP Authentication Types

EAP-MD5

EAP-TLS

EAP-TTLS

PEAP

LEAP

Mutual Authentication

Yes

Certificate – Client

Yes

Optional

Certificate – Server

Yes

Dynamic Key Exchange

Yes

Credential Integrity

None

Strong

Moderate

Deployment Difficulty

Easy

Hard

Moderate

Client Identity Protection

Yes

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