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Page 156 / 165 Scroll up to view Page 151 - 155
Telsey
telecommunications
Glossary
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148
MGCP
- Media Gateway Control Protocol. Protocol that specifies a Master/Slave
architecture for decomposed gateways.
MIB
- Management Information Base. The set of parameters an SNMP
management station can query or set in the SNMP agent of a network device
[e.g., router]. Standard MIBs have been defined, and vendors can develop
private MIBs. In theory, any SNMP manager can talk to any SNMP agent with
a properly defined MIB.
Modem
- Modulator/demodulator. A device that takes digital data from a
computer and encodes it in analogue form for transmission over a phone line.
Multicast
- A special form of broadcast where copies of the packet are
delivered to only a subset of all possible destinations.
N
NAT -
Network Address Translation - also called IP masquerade, is a process
of translating the source header of IP packets so they will be routable across
wide area networks.
Network
- A computer network is a data communications system which
interconnects computer systems at various different sites. A network may be
composed of any combination of LANs, MANs or WANs.
Network address
- The network portion of an IP address. For a class A
network, the network address is the first byte of the IP address. For a class B
network, the network address is the first two bytes of the IP address. For a
class C network, the network address is the first three bytes of the IP address.
In each case, the remainder is the host address. In the Internet, assigned
network addresses are globally unique.
O
OSI
- Open Systems Interconnection. A suite of protocols, specifically ISO
standards, to be the international standard computer network architecture.
P
Packet
- The unit of data sent across a network. "Packet" is a generic term
used to describe units of data at all levels of the protocol stack, but it is most
correctly used to describe application data units.
Packet switching
- Communications paradigm in which packets [messages]
are individually routed between hosts, with no previously established
communication path.
PAT -
Port Address Translation. It is the process where packets arriving to a
particular IP address/port can be translated and thus redirected to a different
IP/port. This functionality is a way to create a persistent passage through NAT.
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PPPoA
- (point-to-point protocol over ATM) A standard very similar to PPPoE
(point-to-point protocol over Ethernet), with some minor differences, for
example a DSL modem pumping ATM is internal to the computer, rather than
being an ethernet cable away. PPPoA allows for MTUs (maximum transmission
units) of 1500, as opposed to PPPoE.
PPPoE
- ( Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet ) is a method for building PPP
sessions and encapsulating packets, as described in RFC2516. Although it is not
a standard, PPPoE is already being used by a number of DSL providers. It
requires either routers that have built-in PPPoE support, or PPPoE software to
"dial up" and establish the session.
Protocol
- A formal description of message formats and the rules two
computers must follow to exchange those messages. Protocols can describe
low-level details of machine-to-machine interfaces [e.g., the order in which bits
and bytes are sent across a wire] or high-level exchanges between allocation
programs [e.g., the way in which two programs transfer a file across the
Internet].
Proxy
- A proxy server is an intermediate gateway that sits between a client
PC and the Internet and provices forwarding/caching service, as well as
security, logging and administrative control. A caching web proxy server saves
content (such as Web pages) in its local cache the first time a request is made,
and then serves the pages to other local clients from cache, without the need
to forward the request to the Internet. Pages are only requested from the
Internet if they are not found in cache. The proxy server forwards requests
acting as a client, with its own IP address, and then in turn serves the pages to
local clients. Caching proxy servers offer transparent service to clients, they
can save bandwidth and improve performance, however they can also cause
slowdowns when congested, as well as some problems delivering dynamic and
secure content.
R
RAS
- Reliability, availability, and serviceability. Rated throughput for data
links, the rate at which all of the offered frames are forwarded by the device.
RFC
- Request for comments. The document series, begun in 1969, which
describes the Internet suite of protocols and related experiments. Not all RFCs
describe Internet standards, but all Internet standards are written up as RFCs.
RIP
- (Routing Information Protocol) A protocol in which routers periodically
exchange information with one another so that they can decide minimum
distance paths between sources and destinations.
Router
- A system responsible for making decisions about which of several
paths network [or Internet] traffic will follow. To do this it uses a routing
protocol to gain information about the network, and algorithms to choose the
best route based on several criteria known as "routing metrics".
RTCP
- Real-time transport control protocol. Is the counterpart of RTP that
provides control services.
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telecommunications
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150
RTP
- Real-time transport protocol. Provides end-to-end delivery services of
real-time audio and video.
S
Serial
- A method of transmission in which each bit of information is sent
sequentially on a single channel rather than simultaneously as in parallel
transmission.
SNMP
- Simple Network Management Protocol. The Internet standard protocol
developed to manage nodes on an IP network.
T
TCP
- Transmission Control Protocol. The TCP/IP standard transport layer
protocol in the Internet suite of protocols, providing reliable, connection-
oriented, full-duplex streams. It uses IP for delivery.
TFTP
- Trivial File Transfer Protocol. The TCP/IP standard protocol for file
transfer with minimal capability and minimum overhead, based on UDP. It is
often used by diskless workstations that keep software in ROM and use it to
bootstrap themselves. It is used in the router for downloading patches.
Throughput
- (or transfer rate) in data transmission is the amount of data
moved successfully from one place to another in a given time period. For data
networks, throughput is usually measured in number of bits per second (bps)
that are transmitted, also quoted as Kiobits per second (Kbps) or Megabits per
second (Mbps).
Tunneling
- refers to the ability to encapsulate packets of data formatted for
one network protocol (or a private secure network) in packets used by another
protocol (or a public network). Tunneling allows the use of the (public) Internet
to transfer data on behalf of a private network. See also: VPN, PPTP. Note that
tunneling and VPN is not intended as a substitute for data encryption by itself.
For a higher security level strong encryption should be used within the VPN.
U
Unicast
- A packet broadcast to a single host attached to the network.
User Agent Client -
A user agent client (UAC) is a logical entity that creates
a new request, and then uses the client transaction state machinery to send it.
The role of UAC lasts only for the duration of that transaction.
In other words,
if a piece of software initiates a request, it acts as a UAC for the duration of that
transaction.
If it receives a request later, it assumes the role of a user agent
server for the processing of that transaction.
User Agent Server -
A user agent server is a logical entity that generates a
response to a SIP request.
The response accepts, rejects, or redirects the
request.
This role lasts only for the duration of that transaction.
In other
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words, if a piece of software responds to a request, it acts as a UAS for the
duration of that transaction.
If it generates a request later, it assumes the role
of a user agent client for the processing of that transaction.
V
VLAN
- Virtual Local Area Network. Secure connection of TCP/IP based
networks, intranets and extranets across the Internet.
VoIP
- Voice Over Internet Protocol. The technology used to transmit voice
conversations over a data network using the Internet Protocol. Such data
network may be the Internet or a corporate Intranet.
VPN -
Virtual Private Network. A private network of computers that's at least
partially connected by public phone lines. A good example would be a private
office LAN that allows users to log in remotely over the Internet (an open,
public system). VPNs use encryption and secure protocols like PPTP to ensure
that data transmissions are not intercepted by unauthorized parties.
W
WAN
-Wide Area Network. Any physical network technology that spans large
geographic distances. WANs usually operate a slower speeds than LANs or
MANs.
WWW
- World Wide Web. A hypertext-based, distributed information system
based on a client-server architecture. Web browsers [client applications]
request documents from Web servers. Documents may contain text, graphics
and audiovisual data, as well as links to other documents and services. Web
servers and documents are identified by URLs [Uniform Resource Locators].
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Telsey
telecommunications
Glossary
MT500--SIEN12
152

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