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Page 161 / 180 Scroll up to view Page 156 - 160
Glossary
161
DSL modem
A DSL modem connects a computer to the Internet via the DSL
line. In contrast to the analog modem, a connection via the
DSL modem does not mean that the telephone line is busy.
DSL router
A DSL router generally combines three different devices: a
DSL modem (
see glossary
), a router, and a LAN switch.
A DSL router serves, first, to connect multiple computers or
other network devices together to form a local network (LAN)
so that the devices can exchange data with each other.
Second, a DSL router provides a central Internet connection
that can be used by all devices in the home network at the
same time. The DSL router’s job is to control the data traffic
between the local network and the Internet. If the DSL router
is equipped with a firewall (
see glossary
), it protects the de-
vices in the home network against attacks from the Internet.
DSL splitter
A DSL splitter is a device that separates telephone and DSL
signals.
You need a DSL splitter if you have a fixed line
(
see glossary
)
and a DSL line. The splitter separates the telephone and DSL
signals, which use the same cable to access your house or
apartment. The splitter conducts telephone signals to your
analog telephones or to the NT. DSL signals are sent on to the
DSL modem or DSL router.
dynamic IP address
A dynamic IP address is an IP address valid only for the dura-
tion of one Internet or network session.
Every computer participating in the Internet must have a
uniquely assigned public IP address. Since only a limited
number of such IP addresses is available, they must be used
sparingly. That is why most of the Internet participants who
dial in to the Internet receive a dynamic IP address. They are
Page 162 / 180
162
Glossary
called dynamic because every participant receives a new
public address that has not been assigned yet each time she
or he dials in to the Internet.
By contrast, dynamic addresses are usually used in local IP
networks because they are easy to handle, and because us-
ing them avoids incorrect IP address entries or unintentional
double assignments.
file system
A file system saves and manages files on a data medium (for
instance, a hard drive or flash drive). The way the files are
stored varies from one file system to the next.
The different operating systems offer different file systems. In
Windows 7, Windows Vista and Windows XP the file systems
FAT32 and NTFS are used most frequently. The file system of a
data storage medium can be changed, for instance from
FAT32 to NTFS.
fixed IP address
Fixed IP addresses are IP addresses (
see glossary
) which are
permanently assigned to a computer or another device like a
network printer.
Assigning fixed IP addresses makes sense in cases where a
computer is always supposed to be accessible at a certain ad-
dress (for instance, a web server or an e-mail server).
fixed line
A fixed line is a telephone line in the classical landline tele-
phone network. There are two kinds of fixed lines: analog
lines and ISDN lines.
If you have a fixed line and a DSL line, the signals for both
lines use the same cable to access your house or apartment.
For this reason your telephony and Internet provider supplies
you with a DSL splitter
(
see glossary
) that separates the tele-
phone signals and DSL signals from each other.
Page 163 / 180
Glossary
163
firewall
A firewall protects a computer or local network against at-
tacks from the Internet.
Most firewalls work with packet filters, which merely check
the IP addresses and port numbers of incoming and outgoing
data packets and filter the packets according to prescribed
rules.
Within IPv4 networks, some firewalls also integrate addition-
al concepts like IP masquerading and NAT to decouple data
traffic by distinguishing strictly between the internal and ex-
ternal network.
Especially effective firewalls go even further, analyzing and
evaluating the contents of the packets and filtering them ac-
cording to prescribed rules. Such techniques may also in-
clude a Stateful Packet Inspection Firewall, for instance.
firmware
The firmware is the software of an electronic device, which is
stored in the device and controls its functions.
FTP
short for File Transfer Protocol
The File Transfer Protocol allows files to be exchanged be-
tween two computers in the Internet. A computer on which
the files are made available for downloading is called an “FTP
server”. A special program is required for downloading files,
known as an “FTP client”. Some web browsers contain FTP cli-
ents, but they are also available as independent software.
gateway
Gateway is a general term designating an interface between
two networks. Such a network interface can be realized using
a router or a bridge, for instance.
Page 164 / 180
164
Glossary
If a computer wants to transfer data packets to a computer in
another network, it must first transmit the packet to the gate-
way. To do this, the computer must know the address of the
gateway.
If all packets that cannot be delivered in a local network al-
ways are to be transmitted to their given recipients via the
same gateway, for this purpose the address of the gateway
must be saved as the default gateway in the network settings
of the computer.
If a router is used for the shared Internet access in a local net-
work, the IP address of the router must be entered as the de-
fault gateway in the TCP/IP settings of each computer that
wishes to use the Internet connection.
HSPA
short for High Speed Packet Access
HSPA is a third-generation mobile radio standard further de-
veloped from the the UMTS mobile radio standard. HSPA pro-
vides for throughput rates in the mobile radio network that
are comparable with DSL (3.6 to 13.98 Mbit/s).
hub
A hub is a device that is used to connect network devices to
each other, for instance through an Ethernet. Network devices
are connected to each other in a star network, with each net-
work device connected to the hub. There are no direct con-
nections between the network devices.
A hub can either send or receive data. Received data are sent
to all connected devices. All connected devices share the da-
ta throughput.
Internet telephony
VoIP
(
see glossary
)
IP
short for Internet Protocol
Page 165 / 180
Glossary
165
The IP Internet Protocol is the most important basic protocol
for the control of data exchange in local networks and in the
Internet. The Internet protocol works without a connection; in
other words, data packets are transmitted from the sender to
the recipient without previous consultation. The addresses of
the recipient and the sender in the data packets are given as
IP addresses.
IPv4
short for Internet Protocol version 4
IPv4 is currently the conventional Internet protocol.
IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long, such that IPv4 offers an ad-
dress space of 2
32
IP addresses, or just over four billion. The
latest estimates suggest that the last IPv4 addresses will be
assigned by the beginning of 2012.
The successor protocol to IPv4 is IPv6.
IPv6
short for Internet Protocol version 6
The successor protocol to IPv6 is IPv4.
IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long. This means that IPv6
makes approximately 340 undecillion (~ 3.4 x 10
36
) IPv6 ad-
dresses available. Each private user can be allotted over 18
quintillion public IPv6 addresses from her or his Internet Ser-
vice Provider.
The dearth of addresses in IPv4 is only one of the reasons for
introducing IPv6. IPv6 also offers additional advantageous
characteristics in the framework of communication within IP
networks.
IP address
In IP-based networks, for instance in the Internet and local
networks, all connected devices are addressed via their IP ad-
dresses. So that data packets are sure to be delivered to the
right address, each IP address may be assigned only once
within the Internet or a local IP network.

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