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Page 81 / 86 Scroll up to view Page 76 - 80
Chapter 7: Glossary
Page 79
7
Glossary
10BASE-T
A designation for the type of wiring used by Ethernet networks with a data
rate of 10 Mbps. Also known as Category 3 (CAT 3) wiring.
See
data rate,
Ethernet
.
100BASE-T
A designation for the type of wiring used by Ethernet networks with a data
rate of 100 Mbps. Also known as Category 5 (CAT 5) wiring. See
data rate,
Ethernet
.
ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
The most commonly deployed "flavor" of
DSL for home users is
asymmetrical DSL. The term asymmetrical refers to its unequal data rates
for downloading and uploading (the download rate is higher than the
upload rate). The asymmetrical rates benefit home users because they
typically download much more data from the Internet than they upload.
Analog
An analog signal is a signal that has had its frequency modified in some
way, such as by amplifying its strength or varying its frequency, in order to
add information to the signal. The voice component in DSL is an analog
signal. See
digital
.
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
A standard for high-speed transmission of data, text, voice, and video,
widely used within the Internet. ATM data rates range from 45 Mbps to 2.5
Gbps. See
data rate
.
authenticate
To verify a user’s identity, such as by prompting for a password.
binary
The "base two" system of numbers, that uses only two digits, 0 and 1, to
represent all numbers. In binary, the number 1 is written as 1, 2 as 10, 3
as 11, 4 as 100, etc. Although expressed as decimal numbers for
convenience, IP addresses in actual use are binary numbers; e.g., the IP
address 209.191.4.240 is 11010001.10111111.00000100.11110000 in
binary. See
bit, IP address, network mask
.
bit
Short for "binary digit," a bit is a number that can have two values, 0 or 1.
See
binary
.
bps
bits per second
bridging
Passing data from your network to your ISP and vice versa using the
hardware addresses of the devices at each location. Bridging contrasts with
routing, which can add more intelligence to data transfers by using
network addresses instead. The CopperJet can perform both routing and
bridging. Typically, when both functions are enabled, the device routes IP
data and bridges all other types of data. See
routing
.
broadband
A telecommunications technology that can send different types of data
over the same medium. DSL is a broadband technology.
broadcast
To send data to all computers on a network.
channel
The channel number determines which channel frequency is used by the
device to pass wireless traffic to wireless PCs. The channels available
depend on which country the wireless network is operating in. Your ISP
provides details of the channel(s) you should use.
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Chapter 7: Glossary
Page 80
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP automates address assignment and management. When a computer
connects to the LAN, DHCP assigns it an IP address from a shared pool of
IP addresses; after a specified time limit, DHCP returns the address to the
pool.
DHCP relay
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol relay
A DHCP relay is a computer that forwards DHCP data between computers
that request IP addresses and the DHCP server that assigns the addresses.
Each of the Copper Jet’s interfaces can be configured as a DHCP relay. See
DHCP
.
DHCP server
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server
A DHCP server is a computer that is responsible for assigning IP addresses
to the computers on a LAN. See
DHCP
.
digital
Of data, having a form based on discrete values expressed as
binary numbers (0's and 1's). The data component in DSL is a digital
signal. See
analog
.
DNS
Domain Name System
The DNS maps domain names into IP addresses. DNS information is
distributed hierarchically throughout the Internet among computers called
DNS servers. For example,
www.yahoo.com
is the domain name
associated with IP address 216.115.108.243. When you start to access a
web site, a DNS server looks up the requested domain name to find its
corresponding IP address. If the DNS server cannot find the IP address, it
communicates with higher-level DNS servers to determine the IP address.
See
domain name.
domain name
A domain name is a user-friendly name used in place of its associated IP
address. Domain names must be unique; their assignment is controlled by
the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
Domain names are a key element of URLs, which identify a specific file at a
web site. See
DNS.
download
To transfer data in the downstream direction, i.e., from the Internet to the
user.
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
A technology that allows both digital data and analog voice signals to
travel over existing copper telephone lines.
Ethernet
The most commonly installed computer network technology, usually using
twisted pair wiring. Ethernet data rates are 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps.
See
also 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, twisted pair
.
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
A program used to transfer files between computers connected to the
Internet. Common uses include uploading new or updated files to a web
server, and downloading files from a web server.
Gbps
Abbreviation of Gigabits per second, or one billion bits per second. Internet
data rates are often expressed in Gbps.
host
A device (usually a computer) connected to a network.
HTTP
Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol
HTTP is the main protocol used to transfer data from web sites so that it
can be displayed by web browsers. See
web browser, web site
.
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Chapter 7: Glossary
Page 81
Hub
A hub is a place of convergence where data arrives from one or more
directions and is forwarded out in one or more directions. It connects an
Ethernet bridge/router to a group of PCs on a LAN and allows
communication to pass between the networked devices.
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol
An Internet protocol used to report errors and other network-related
information. The ping command makes use of ICMP.
IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a technical
professional society that fosters the development of standards that often
become national and international standards.
Internet
The global collection of interconnected networks used for both private and
business communications.
intranet
A private, company-internal network that looks like part of the Internet
(users access information using web browsers), but is accessible only by
employees.
IP
See TCP/IP
.
IP address
Internet Protocol address
The address of a host (computer) on the Internet, consisting of four
numbers, each from 0 to 255, separated by periods, e.g., 209.191.4.240.
An IP address consists of a
network ID
that identifies the particular
network the host belongs to, and a
host ID
uniquely identifying the host
itself on that network. A network mask is used to define the network ID
and the host ID. Because IP addresses are difficult to remember, they
usually have an associated domain name that can be specified instead. See
domain name, network mask
.
ISP
Internet Service Provider
A company that provides Internet access to its customers, usually for a
fee.
LAN
Local Area Network
A network limited to a small geographic area, such as a home or small
office.
LED
Light Emitting Diode
An electronic light-emitting device. The indicator lights on the front of the
CopperJet are LEDs.
MAC address
Media Access Control address
The permanent hardware address of a device, assigned by its
manufacturer. MAC addresses are expressed as six pairs of hex characters,
with each pair separated by colons. For example;
NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN
.
mask
See network mask
.
Mbps
Abbreviation for Megabits per second, or one million bits per second.
Network data rates are often expressed in Mbps.
NAT
Network Address Translation
A service performed by many routers that translates your network’s
publicly known IP address into a
private
IP address for each computer on
your LAN. Only your router and your LAN know these addresses; the
outside world sees only the public IP address when talking to a computer
on your LAN.
Page 84 / 86
Chapter 7: Glossary
Page 82
network
A group of computers that are connected together, allowing them to
communicate with each other and share resources, such as software, files,
etc. A network can be small, such as a
LAN
, or very large, such as the
Internet
.
network mask
A network mask is a sequence of bits applied to an IP address to select the
network ID while ignoring the host ID. Bits set to 1 mean "select this bit"
while bits set to 0 mean "ignore this bit." For example, if the network mask
255.255.255.0 is applied to the IP address 100.10.50.1, the network ID is
100.10.50, and the host ID is 1. See
binary, IP address, subnet
.
NIC
Network Interface Card
An adapter card that plugs into your computer and provides the physical
interface to your network cabling. For Ethernet NICs this is typically an RJ-
45 connector. See
Ethernet, RJ-45
.
packet
Data transmitted on a network consists of units called packets. Each
packet contains a payload (the data), plus overhead information such as
where it came from (source address) and where it should go (destination
address).
pass phrase
A secret password used in
WPA
wireless data encryption. Encryption is
based on a WPA master key that is derived from the pass phrase and the
network name (SSID) of the device. The pass phrase should be at least 20
characters long in order to deter a hacker attempting to crack the pass
phrase by recording a series of frames then trying commonly used
passwords offline until one works (known as offline PSK dictionary
attacks).
ping
Packet Internet (or Inter-Network) Groper
A program used to verify whether the host associated with an IP address is
online. It can also be used to reveal the IP address for a given domain
name.
port
A physical access point to a device such as a computer or router, through
which data flows into and out of the device.
PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol
A protocol for serial data transmission that is used to carry IP (and other
protocol) data between your ISP and your computer. The WAN interface on
the CopperJet uses two forms of PPP called PPPoA and PPPoE. See
PPPoA,
PPPoE
.
PPPoA
Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM
One of the two types of PPP interfaces you can define for a Virtual Circuit
(VC), the other type being PPPoE. You can define only one PPPoA interface
per VC.
PPPoE
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
One of the two types of PPP interfaces you can define for a Virtual Circuit
(VC), the other type being PPPoA. You can define one or more PPPoE
interfaces per VC.
protocol
A set of rules governing the transmission of data. In order for a data
transmission to work, both ends of the connection have to follow the rules
of the protocol.
remote
In a physically separate location. For example, an employee away on travel
who logs in to the company’s intranet is a remote user.
RIP
Routing Information Protocol
The original TCP/IP routing protocol. There are two versions of RIP: version
I and version II.
Page 85 / 86
Chapter 7: Glossary
Page 83
RJ-11
Registered Jack Standard-11
The standard plug used to connect telephones, fax machines, modems,
etc. to a telephone port. It is a 6-pin connector usually containing four
wires.
RJ-45
Registered Jack Standard-45
The 8-pin plug used in transmitting data over phone lines. Ethernet cabling
usually uses this type of connector.
routing
Forwarding data between your network and the Internet on the most
efficient route, based on the data’s destination IP address and current
network conditions. A device that performs routing is called a router.
SDNS
Secondary Domain Name System (server)
A DNS server that can be used if the primary DSN server is not available.
See DNS
.
SSID
Service Set Identifier (also known as the Extended Service Set Identifier
(ESSID)) is a unique identifier that differentiates one wireless device from
another. Wireless PCs configured with the same SSID can access that
device.
subnet
A subnet is a portion of a network. The subnet is distinguished from the
larger network by a
subnet mask
that selects some of the computers of the
network and excludes all others. The subnet's computers remain physically
connected to the rest of the parent network, but they are treated as
though they were on a separate network. See
network mask
.
subnet mask
A mask that defines a subnet. See
network mask
.
TCP
See
TCP/IP
.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
The basic protocols used on the Internet. TCP is responsible for dividing
data up into packets for delivery and reassembling them at the destination,
while IP is responsible for delivering the packets from source to
destination. When TCP and IP are bundled with higher-level applications
such as HTTP, FTP, Telnet, etc., TCP/IP refers to this whole suite of
protocols.
Telnet
An interactive, character-based program used to access a remote
computer. While HTTP (the web protocol) and FTP only allow you to
download files from a remote computer, Telnet allows you to log into and
use a computer from a remote location.
TFTP
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
A protocol for file transfers, TFTP is easier to use than File Transfer
Protocol (FTP) but not as capable or secure.
triggers
Triggers are used to deal with application protocols that create separate
sessions. Some applications, such as NetMeeting, open secondary
connections during normal operations, for example, a connection to a
server is established using one port, but data transfers are performed on a
separate connection. A trigger tells the device to expect these secondary
sessions and how to handle them.
Once you set a trigger, the embedded IP address of each incoming packet
is replaced by the correct host address so that NAT can translate packets
to the correct destination. You can specify whether you want to carry out
address replacement, and if so, whether to replace addresses on TCP
packets only, UDP packets only, or both.

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