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Page 71 / 124 Scroll up to view Page 66 - 70
NETGEAR RangeMax™ Wireless-N Gigabit Router WNR3500v2 User Manual
Customizing Your Network Settings
5-11
v1.0, May 2009
7.
Type the gateway IP address, which must be a router on the same LAN segment as the
WNR3500v2 router.
8.
Type a number between 1 and 15 as the metric value.
This represents the number of routers between your network and the destination. Usually, a
setting of 2 or 3 works, but if this is a direct connection, set it to 1.
9.
Click
Apply
to have the static route entered into the table.
Allowing Inbound Connections to Your Network
By default, the WNR3500v2 router blocks any inbound traffic from the Internet to your computers
except for replies to your outbound traffic. However, you might need to create exceptions to this
rule for the following purposes:
•
To allow remote computers on the Internet to access a server on your local network.
•
To allow certain applications and games to work correctly when their replies are not
recognized by your router.
Your router provides two features for creating these exceptions: port forwarding and port
triggering. This section explains how a normal outbound connection works, followed by two
examples explaining how port forwarding and port triggering operate and how they differ.
How Your Computer Accesses a Remote Computer through Your
Router
When a computer on your network needs to access a computer on the Internet, your computer
sends your router a message containing source and destination address and process information.
Before forwarding your message to the remote computer, your router must modify the source
information and must create and track the communication session so that replies can be routed
back to your computer.
Here is an example of normal outbound traffic and the resulting inbound responses:
1.
You open Internet Explorer, beginning a browser session on your computer. Invisible to you,
your operating system assigns a service number (port number) to every communication
process running on your computer. In this example, let’s say Windows assigns port number
5678 to this browser session.
2.
You ask your browser to get a Web page from the Web server at www.example.com
.
Your
computer composes a Web page request message with the following address and
port information:
Page 72 / 124
NETGEAR RangeMax™ Wireless-N Gigabit Router WNR3500v2 User Manual
5-12
Customizing Your Network Settings
v1.0, May 2009
•
The source address is your computer’s IP address.
•
The source port number is 5678, the browser session.
•
The destination address is the IP address of www.example.com, which your computer
finds by asking a DNS server.
•
The destination port number is 80, the standard port number for a Web server process.
Your computer then sends this request message to your router.
3.
Your router creates an entry in its internal session table describing this communication session
between your computer and the Web server at www.example.com. Before sending the Web
page request message to www.example.com, your router stores the original information and
then modifies the source information in the request message, performing Network Address
Translation (NAT):
•
The source address is replaced with your router’s public IP address.
This is necessary because your computer uses a private IP address that is not globally
unique and cannot be used on the Internet.
•
The source port number is changed to a number chosen by the router, such as 33333. This
is necessary because two computers could independently be using the same session
number.
Your router then sends this request message through the Internet to the Web server at
www.example.com.
4.
The Web server at www.example.com composes a return message with the requested Web
page data. The return message contains the following address and port information:
•
The source address is the IP address of www.example.com.
•
The source port number is 80, the standard port number for a Web server process.
•
The destination address is the public IP address of your router.
•
The destination port number is 33333.
The Web server then sends this reply message to your router.
5.
Upon receiving the incoming message, your router checks its session table to determine
whether there is an active session for port number 33333. Finding an active session, the router
then modifies the message, restoring the original address information replaced by NAT. The
message now contains the following address and port information:
•
The source address is the IP address of www.example.com.
•
The source port number is 80, the standard port number for a Web server process.
Page 73 / 124
NETGEAR RangeMax™ Wireless-N Gigabit Router WNR3500v2 User Manual
Customizing Your Network Settings
5-13
v1.0, May 2009
•
The destination address is your computer’s IP address.
•
The destination port number is 5678, the browser session that made the initial request.
Your router then sends this reply message to your computer, which displays the Web page
from www.example.com.
6.
When you finish your browser session, your router senses the termination of communications.
Your router then removes the session information from its session table, and incoming traffic
is no longer accepted on port number 33333.
How Port Triggering Changes the Communication Process
In the preceding example, requests are sent to a remote computer by your router from a particular
service port number, and replies from the remote computer to your router are directed to that port
number. If the remote server sends a reply back to a different port number, your router will not
recognize it and will discard it. However, some application servers (such as FTP and IRC servers)
send replies back to multiple port numbers. Using the port triggering function of your router, you
can tell the router to open additional incoming ports when a particular outgoing port originates
a session.
An example is Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Your computer connects to an IRC server at destination
port 6667. The IRC server not only responds to your originating source port, but also sends an
“identify” message to your computer on port 113. Using port triggering, you can tell the router,
“When you initiate a session with destination port 6667, you must also allow incoming traffic on
port 113 to reach the originating computer.” Using steps similar to the preceding example, the
following sequence shows the effects of the port triggering rule you have defined:
1.
You open an IRC client program, beginning a chat session on your computer.
2.
Your IRC client composes a request message to an IRC server using a destination port number
of 6667, the standard port number for an IRC server process. Your computer then sends this
request message to your router.
3.
Your router creates an entry in its internal session table describing this communication session
between your computer and the IRC server. Your router stores the original information,
performs Network Address Translation (NAT) on the source address and port, and sends this
request message through the Internet to the IRC server.
4.
Noting your port triggering rule, and having observed the destination port number of 6667,
your router creates an additional session entry to send any incoming port 113 traffic to your
computer.
Page 74 / 124
NETGEAR RangeMax™ Wireless-N Gigabit Router WNR3500v2 User Manual
5-14
Customizing Your Network Settings
v1.0, May 2009
5.
The IRC server sends a return message to your router using the NAT-assigned source port (as
in the previous example, let’s say port 33333) as the destination port. The IRC server also
sends an “identify” message to your router with destination port 113.
6.
Upon receiving the incoming message to destination port 33333, your router checks its session
table to determine whether there is an active session for port number 33333. Finding an active
session, the router restores the original address information replaced by NAT and sends this
reply message to your computer.
7.
Upon receiving the incoming message to destination port 113, your router checks its session
table and learns that there is an active session for port 113, associated with your computer. The
router replaces the message’s destination IP address with your computer’s IP address and
forwards the message to your computer.
8.
When you finish your chat session, your router senses the termination of communications. The
router then removes the session information from its session table, and incoming traffic is no
longer accepted on port numbers 33333 or 113.
To configure port triggering, you need to know which inbound ports the application needs. Also,
you need to know the number of the outbound port that will trigger the opening of the inbound
ports. You can usually determine this information by contacting the publisher of the application, or
user groups or newsgroups.
How Port Forwarding Changes the Communication Process
In both of the preceding examples, your computer initiates an application session with a server
computer on the Internet. However, you might need to allow a client computer on the Internet to
initiate a connection to a server computer on your network. Normally, your router ignores any
inbound traffic that is not a response to your own outbound traffic. You can configure exceptions
to this default rule by using the port forwarding feature.
A typical application of port forwarding can be shown by reversing the client-server relationship
from our previous Web server example. In this case, a remote computer’s browser needs to access
a Web server running on a computer in your local network. Using port forwarding, you can tell the
router, “When you receive incoming traffic on port 80 (the standard port number for a Web server
process), forward it to the local computer at 192.168.1.123.” The following sequence shows the
effects of the port forwarding rule you have defined:
Note:
An inbound port can be used by one computer at a time with the triggered
application.
Page 75 / 124
NETGEAR RangeMax™ Wireless-N Gigabit Router WNR3500v2 User Manual
Customizing Your Network Settings
5-15
v1.0, May 2009
1.
The user of a remote computer opens Internet Explorer and requests a Web page from
www.example.com, which resolves to the public IP address of your router. The remote
computer composes a Web page request message with the following destination information:
•
The destination address is the IP address of www.example.com, which is the address of
your router.
•
The destination port number is 80, the standard port number for a Web server process.
The remote computer then sends this request message through the Internet to your router.
2.
Your router receives the request message and looks in its rules table for any rules covering the
disposition of incoming port 80 traffic. Your port forwarding rule specifies that incoming port
80 traffic should be forwarded to local IP address 192.168.1.123. Therefore, your router
modifies the destination information in the request message:
The destination address is replaced with 192.168.1.123.
Your router then sends this request message to your local network.
3.
Your Web server at 192.168.1.123 receives the request and composes a return message with
the requested Web page data. Your Web server then sends this reply message to your router.
4.
Your router performs Network Address Translation (NAT) on the source IP address, and sends
this request message through the Internet to the remote computer, which displays the Web
page from www.example.com.
To configure port forwarding, you need to know which inbound ports the application needs. You
usually can determine this information by contacting the publisher of the application or user
groups or newsgroups.
How Port Forwarding Differs from Port Triggering
The following points summarize the differences between port forwarding and port triggering:
•
Port triggering can be used by any computer on your network, although only one computer at a
time can use the same ports.
•
Port forwarding is configured for a single computer on your network.
•
Port triggering does not need to know the computer’s IP address in advance. The IP address is
captured automatically.
•
Port forwarding requires that you specify the computer’s IP address during configuration, and
the IP address must never change.
•
Port triggering requires specific outbound traffic to open the inbound ports, and the triggered
ports are closed after a period of no activity.
•
Port forwarding is always active and does not need to be triggered.

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