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Page 61 / 69 Scroll up to view Page 56 - 60
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
Hardware
- Hardware is the physical aspect of computers, telecommunica-
tions, and other information technology devices. The term arose as a way to dis-
tinguish the “box” and the electronic circuitry and components of a computer
from the program you put in it to make it do things. The program came to be
known as the software.
Hub
- The device that serves as the central location for attaching wires from
workstations. Can be passive, where there is no amplification of the signals; or
active, where the hubs are used like repeaters to provide an extension of the
cable that connects to a workstation.
HTTP
(
H
yper
T
ext
T
ransport
P
rotocol) - The communications protocol used
to connect to servers on the World Wide Web. Its primary function is to estab-
lish a connection with a Web server and transmit HTML pages to the client
browser.
IEEE
- The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The IEEE
describes itself as “the world's largest technical professional society—promot-
ing the development and application of electrotechnology and allied sciences
for the benefit of humanity, the advancement of the profession, and the well-
being of our members.”
The IEEE fosters the development of standards that often become national and
international standards. The organization publishes a number of journals, has
many local chapters, and has several large societies in special areas, such as the
IEEE Computer Society.
Infrastructure Network
- An infrastructure network is a group of computers
or other devices, each with a wireless adapter, connected as an 802.11 wireless
LAN.
In infrastructure mode, the wireless devices communicate with each
other and to a wired network by first going through an access point.
An infra-
structure wireless network connected to a wired network is referred to as a
Basic Service Set (BSS).
A set of two or more BSS in a single network is
referred to as an Extended Service Set (ESS).
Infrastructure mode is useful at
a corporation scale, or when it is necessary to connect the wired and wireless
networks.
IP Address
- In the most widely installed level of the Internet Protocol (IP)
today, an IP address is a 32-binary digit number that identifies each sender or
receiver of information that is sent in packets across the Internet. When you
request an HTML page or send e-mail, the Internet Protocol part of TCP/IP
includes your IP address in the message (actually, in each of the packets if more
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(The term also implies the security policy that is used with the programs.) An
enterprise with an intranet that allows its workers access to the wider Internet
installs a firewall to prevent outsiders from accessing its own private data
resources and for controlling what outside resources to which its own users
have access.
Basically, a firewall, working closely with a router, examines each network
packet to determine whether to forward it toward its destination.
Firmware
- Code that is written onto read-only memory (ROM) or program-
mable read-only memory (PROM).
Once firmware has been written onto the
ROM or PROM, it is retained even when the device is turned off.
Fragmentation
- Breaking a packet into smaller units when transmitting over
a network medium that cannot support the original size of the packet.
FTP
(
F
ile
T
ransfer
P
rotocol) - A protocol used to transfer files over a TCP/IP
network (Internet, UNIX, etc.). For example, after developing the HTML pages
for a website on a local machine, they are typically uploaded to the Web serv-
er using FTP.
FTP includes functions to log onto the network, list directories, and copy files.
It can also convert between the ASCII and EBCDIC character codes. FTP oper-
ations can be performed by typing commands at a command prompt or via an
FTP utility running under a graphical interface such as Windows. FTP transfers
can also be initiated from within a Web browser by entering the URL preceded
with ftp://.
Unlike e-mail programs in which graphics and program files have to be
“attached,” FTP is designed to handle binary files directly and does not add the
overhead of encoding and decoding the data.
Full Duplex
- The ability of a device or line to transmit data simultaneously in
both directions.
Gateway
– A device that interconnects networks with different, incompatible
communications protocols.
Half Duplex
- Data transmission that can occur in two directions over a single
line, but only one direction at a time.
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Mbps
(
M
ega
B
its
P
er
S
econd) - One million bits per second; unit of measure-
ment for data transmission.
MD5
- A type of one-way authentication method that uses passwords. MD5
authentication is not as secure as the EAP-TLS or EAP/TTLS authentication
methods. MD5 authentication does not support dynamic WEP key manage-
ment.
MDI
(
M
edium
D
ependent
I
nterface) - On a network hub or switch, a MDI
port, also known as an uplink port, connects to another hub or switch using a
straight-through cable. To connect a MDI port to a computer, use a crossover
cable.
MDIX
(
M
edium
D
ependent
I
nterface Crossed) - On a network hub or
switch, a MDIX port connects to a computer using a straight-through cable.
To connect a MDIX port to another hub or switch, use a crossover cable.
mIRC
- mIRC runs under Windows and provides a graphical interface for log-
ging onto IRC servers and listing, joining, and leaving channels.
Motherboard
- A motherboard is the physical arrangement in a computer that
contains the computer’s basic circuitry and components.
Multicasting
- Sending data to a group of nodes instead of a single destination.
NAT
- NAT (Network Address Translation) is the translation of an Internet
Protocol address (IP address) used within one network to a different IP address
known within another network. One network is designated the inside network
and the other is the outside.
NetBEUI
(
NetB
IOS
E
xtended
U
ser
I
nterface) - The transport layer for
NetBIOS. NetBIOS and NetBEUI were originally part of a single protocol
suite that was later separated. NetBIOS sessions can be transported over
NetBEUI, TCP/IP, and SPX/IPX protocols.
NetBIOS
- The native networking protocol in DOS and Windows networks.
Although originally combined with its transport layer protocol (NetBEUI),
NetBIOS today provides a programming interface for applications at the ses-
sion layer (layer 5). NetBIOS can ride over NetBEUI, its native transport,
which is not routable, or over TCP/IP and IPX/SPX, which are routable proto-
cols.
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than one is required) and sends it to the IP address that is obtained by looking
up the domain name in the Uniform Resource Locator you requested or in the
e-mail address you're sending a note to. At the other end, the recipient can see
the IP address of the Web page requestor or the e-mail sender and can respond
by sending another message using the IP address it received.
IPCONFIG
- A utility that provides for querying, defining and managing IP
addresses within a network.
A commonly used utility, under Windows NT and
2000, for configuring networks with static IP addresses.
IPSec
(
I
nternet
P
rotocol
Sec
urity) - A suite of protocols used to implement
secure exchange of packets at the IP layer. IPSec supports two basic modes:
Transport and Tunnel.
Transport encrypts the payload of each packet, leaving
the header untouched, while Tunnel mode encrypts both the header and the pay-
load and is therefore more secure.
IPSec must be supported on both transmit-
ter and receiver and must share a public key.
Tunnel mode is widely deployed
in VPNs (Virtual Private Networks).
IRQ
(
I
nterrupt
R
e
Q
uest) - A hardware interrupt on a PC. There are 16 IRQ
lines used to signal the CPU that a peripheral event has started or terminated.
Except for PCI devices, two devices cannot use the same line.
ISM band
- The FCC and their counterparts outside of the U.S. have set aside
bandwidth for unlicensed use in the ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical)
band. Spectrum in the vicinity of 2.4 GHz, in particular, is being made avail-
able worldwide. This presents a truly revolutionary opportunity to place con-
venient high-speed wireless capabilities in the hands of users around the globe.
ISP
- An ISP (Internet service provider) is a company that provides individuals
and companies access to the Internet and other related services such as website
building and virtual hosting.
LAN
- A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated
devices that share a common communications line and typically share the
resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area (for
example, within an office building).
Latency
- The time delay between when the first bit of a packet is received and
the last bit is forwarded.
MAC Address
- The MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique num-
ber assigned by the manufacturer to any Ethernet networking device, such as a
network adapter, that allows the network to identify it at the hardware level.
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Packet
- A unit of data routed between an origin and a destination in a network.
Packet Filtering
- Discarding unwanted network traffic based on its originat-
ing address or range of addresses or its type (e-mail, file transfer, etc.).
Partitioning
- To divide a resource or application into smaller pieces.
Passphrase
- Used much like a password, a passphrase simplifies the WEP
encryption process by automatically generating the WEP encryption keys for
Linksys products.
PC Card
- A credit-card sized removable module that contains memory, I/O,
or a hard disk.
PCI
(
P
eripheral
C
omponent
I
nterconnect) - A peripheral bus commonly used
in PCs, Macintoshes and workstations. It was designed primarily by Intel and
first appeared on PCs in late 1993. PCI provides a high-speed data path
between the CPU and peripheral devices (video, disk, network, etc.). There are
typically three or four PCI slots on the motherboard. In a Pentium PC, there is
generally a mix of PCI and ISA slots or PCI and EISA slots. Early on, the PCI
bus was known as a “local bus.”
PCI provides “plug-and-play” capability, automatically configuring the PCI
cards at startup. When PCI is used with the ISA bus, the only thing that is gen-
erally required is to indicate in the CMOS memory which IRQs are already in
use by ISA cards. PCI takes care of the rest.
PCI allows IRQs to be shared, which helps to solve the problem of limited IRQs
available on a PC. For example, if there were only one IRQ left over after ISA
devices were given their required IRQs, all PCI devices could share it. In a PCI-
only machine, there cannot be insufficient IRQs, as all can be shared.
PCMCIA
- The PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association) is an industry group organized in 1989 to promote standards for a
credit card-size memory or I/O device that would fit into a personal computer,
usually a notebook or laptop computer.
Ping
(
P
acket
IN
ternet
G
roper) - An Internet utility used to determine whether
a particular IP address is online. It is used to test and debug a network by send-
ing out a packet and waiting for a response.
NetBIOS computers are identified by a unique 15-character name, and
Windows machines (NetBIOS machines) periodically broadcast their names
over the network so that Network Neighborhood can catalog them. For TCP/IP
networks, NetBIOS names are turned into IP addresses via manual configura-
tion in an LMHOSTS file or a WINS server.
There are two NetBIOS modes. The Datagram mode is the fastest mode, but
does not guarantee delivery. It uses a self-contained packet with send and
receive name, usually limited to 512 bytes. If the recipient device is not listen-
ing for messages, the datagram is lost. The Session mode establishes a connec-
tion until broken. It guarantees delivery of messages up to 64KB long.
Network
- A system that transmits any combination of voice, video, and/or
data between users.
Network Mask
- Also known as the “Subnet Mask.”
NIC
(
N
etwork
I
nterface
C
ard) - A board installed in a computer system, usu-
ally a PC, to provide network communication capabilities to and from that
computer system. Also called an adapter.
Node
- A network junction or connection point, typically a computer or work
station.
Notebook (PC)
- A notebook computer is a battery-powered personal comput-
er generally smaller than a briefcase that can easily be transported and conve-
niently used in temporary spaces such as on airplanes, in libraries, at temporary
offices, and at meetings. A notebook computer, sometimes called a laptop com-
puter, typically weighs less than five pounds and is three inches or less in thick-
ness.
OFDM
- Developed for wireless applications, Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) technology offers superior performance-increased data
rates and more reliable transmissions-than previous technologies, such as
DSSS. OFDM is a scheme in which numerous signals of different frequencies
are combined to form a single signal for transmission on the medium.
OFDM works by breaking one high-speed data stream into a number of lower-
speed data streams, which are then transmitted in parallel. Each lower speed
stream is used to modulate a subcarrier. Essentially, this creates a multi-carrier
transmission by dividing a wide frequency band or channel into a number of
narrower frequency bands or sub-channels. OFDM is also used for other appli-
cations, including powerline networking.
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Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
RADIUS
(
R
emote
A
uthentication
D
ial-
I
n
U
ser
S
ervice) - A protocol used to
control network access. RADIUS enables servers to authenticate users, so only
legitimate users are granted network access. RADIUS servers are frequently
used in 802.1x implementations; however, they are not specified by the 802.1x
standard.
RIP
(
R
outing
I
nformation
P
rotocol) -
A simple routing protocol that is part of
the TCP/IP protocol suite. It determines a route based on the smallest hop count
between source and destination. RIP is a distance vector protocol that routine-
ly broadcasts routing information to its neighboring routers.
RJ-11
(
R
egistered
J
ack-
11
) - A telephone connector that holds up to six wires.
The RJ-11 is the common connector used to plug a telephone into a wall.
RJ-45
- A connector similar to a telephone connector that holds up to eight
wires, used for connecting Ethernet devices.
Roaming
-
In an infrastructure mode wireless network, this refers to the abil-
ity to move out of one access point's range and into another and transparently
reassociate and reauthenticate to the new access point.
This reassociation and
reauthentication should occur without user intervention and ideally without
interruption to network connectivity.
A typical scenario would be a location
with multiple access points, where users can physically relocate from one area
to another and easily maintain connectivity.
Router
- Protocol-dependent device that connects subnetworks together.
Routers are useful in breaking down a very large network into smaller subnet-
works; they introduce longer delays and typically have much lower throughput
rates than bridges.
RTS
(
R
equest
T
o
S
end) - An RS-232 signal sent from the transmitting station
to the receiving station requesting permission to transmit.
Server
- Any computer whose function in a network is to provide user access
to files, printing, communications, and other services.
SMTP
(
S
imple
M
ail
T
ransfer
P
rotocol)
- The standard e-mail protocol on the
Internet. It is a TCP/IP protocol that defines the message format and the mes-
sage transfer agent (MTA), which stores and forwards the mail.
SNMP
(
S
imple
N
etwork
M
anagement
P
rotocol)
- A widely used network
monitoring and control protocol. Data is passed from SNMP agents, which are
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Plug-and-Play
- The ability of a computer system to configure expansion
boards and other devices automatically without requiring the user to turn off
the system during installation.
POP3
(
P
ost
O
ffice
P
rotocol
3
) - A standard mail server commonly used on the
Internet. It provides a message store that holds incoming e-mail until users log
on and download it. POP3 is a simple system with little selectivity. All pending
messages and attachments are downloaded at the same time. POP3 uses the
SMTP messaging protocol.
Port
- A pathway into and out of the computer or a network device such as a
switch or router. For example, the serial and parallel ports on a personal com-
puter are external sockets for plugging in communications lines, modems, and
printers.
Port Mirroring
- Port mirroring, also known as a roving analysis port, is a
method of monitoring network traffic that forwards a copy of each incoming
and outgoing packet from one port of a network switch to another port where
the packet can be studied. A network administrator uses port mirroring as a
diagnostic tool or debugging feature, especially when fending off an attack. It
enables the administrator to keep close track of switch performance and alter it
if necessary. Port mirroring can be managed locally or remotely.
PPPoE
(
P
oint to
P
oint
P
rotocol
o
ver
E
thernet) - PPPoE is a method for the
encapsulation of PPP packets over Ethernet frames from the user to the ISP
over the Internet.
One reason PPPoE is preferred by ISPs is because it provides
authentication (username and password) in addition to data transport.
A PPPoE
session can be initiated by either a client application residing on a PC, or by
client firmware residing on a modem or router.
PPTP
(
P
oint-to-
P
oint
T
unneling
P
rotocol) -
A protocol which allows the
Point to Point Protocol (PPP) to be tunneled through an IP network. PPTP does
not specify any changes to the PPP protocol but rather describes a “tunneling
service” for carrying PPP (a tunneling service is any network service enabled
by tunneling protocols such as PPTP, L2F, L2TP, and IPSEC tunnel mode). One
example of a tunneling service is secure access from a remote small office net-
work to a headquarters corporate intranet via a Virtual Private Network (VPN)
that traverses the Internet. However, tunneling services are not restricted to
corporate environments and may also be used for personal (i.e., non-business)
applications.
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Subnet Mask
- The method used for splitting IP networks into a series of sub-
groups, or subnets. The mask is a binary pattern that is matched up with the IP
address to turn part of the host ID address field into a field for subnets.
Swapping
- Replacing one segment of a program in memory with another and
restoring it back to the original when required.
Switch
– 1. A data switch connects computing devices to host computers,
allowing a large number of devices to share a limited number of ports. 2. A
device for making, breaking, or changing the connections in an electrical cir-
cuit.
TCP
(
T
ransmission
C
ontrol
P
rotocol) - A method (protocol) used along with
the IP (Internet Protocol) to send data in the form of message units (datagram)
between network devices over a LAN or WAN. While IP takes care of handling
the actual delivery of the data (routing), TCP takes care of keeping track of the
individual units of data (called packets) that a message is divided into for effi-
cient delivery over the network. TCP is known as a “connection oriented” pro-
tocol due to requiring the receiver of a packet to return an acknowledgment of
receipt to the sender of the packet resulting in transmission control.
TCP/IP
(
T
ransmission
C
ontrol
P
rotocol/
I
nternet
P
rotocol) - The basic com-
munication language or set of protocols for communications over a network
(developed specifically for the Internet).
TCP/IP defines a suite or group of
protocols and not only TCP and IP.
Telnet
- A terminal emulation protocol commonly used on the Internet and
TCP/IP-based networks. It allows a user at a terminal or computer to log onto
a remote device and run a program.
TFTP
(
T
rivial
F
ile
T
ransfer
P
rotocol) - A version of the TCP/IP FTP protocol
that has no directory or password capability.
Throughput
- The amount of data moved successfully from one place to anoth-
er in a given time period.
Topology
- A network’s topology is a logical characterization of how the
devices on the network are connected and the distances between them. The
most common network devices include hubs, switches, routers, and gateways.
Most large networks contain several levels of interconnection, the most impor-
tant of which include edge connections, backbone connections, and wide-area
connections.
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hardware and/or software processes reporting activity in each network device
(hub, router, bridge, etc.) to the workstation console used to oversee the net-
work. The agents return information contained in a MIB (Management
Information Base), which is a data structure that defines what is obtainable
from the device and what can be controlled (turned off, on, etc.).
Software
- Instructions for the computer. A series of instructions that performs
a particular task is called a “program.” The two major categories of software are
“system software” and “application software.” System software is made up of
control programs such as the operating system and database management sys-
tem (DBMS). Application software is any program that processes data for the
user.
A common misconception is that software is data. It is not. Software tells the
hardware how to process the data.
SOHO
(
S
mall
O
ffice/
H
ome
O
ffice) - Market segment of professionals who
work at home or in small offices.
Spread Spectrum
- Spread Spectrum technology is a wideband radio frequen-
cy technique developed by the military for use in reliable, secure, mission-crit-
ical communications systems. It is designed to trade off bandwidth efficiency
for reliability, integrity, and security. In other words, more bandwidth is con-
sumed than in the case of narrowband transmission, but the trade off produces
a signal that is, in effect, louder and thus easier to detect, provided that the
receiver knows the parameters of the spread-spectrum signal being broadcast.
If a receiver is not tuned to the right frequency, a spread-spectrum signal looks
like background noise. There are two main alternatives, Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS).
Static IP Address
- A permanent IP address that is assigned to a node in a
TCP/IP network.
Static Routing
- Forwarding data in a network via a fixed path. Static routing
cannot adjust to changing line conditions as can dynamic routing.
Storage
- The semi-permanent or permanent holding place for digital data.
STP
(
S
hielded
T
wisted
P
air) - Telephone wire that is wrapped in a metal
sheath to eliminate external interference.
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