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Page 221 / 237 Scroll up to view Page 216 - 220
OxyGEN
mini
Office
Administrator’s Guide
Kbps
Kilobits (or thousands of bits) per second. When used in reference to transmission
rates, the prefix kilo means exactly one thousand.
L2TP
Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol
A tunneling protocol used to support virtual private networks (VPNs).
Used
for the transport of other protocols (e.g.
Point-to-Point Protocol - PPP) inside
UDP datagrams (default port 1701). Since, however, L2TP does not provide any
encryption or confidentiality by itself, it is frequently combined with an encryption
protocol (e.g. IPSec) which is passed within the tunnel to provide privacy.
LAN
Local Area Network
A network limited to a small geographic area, such as a home or small
office. Typical characteristics are its small geographical size (typically measured
in meters), privately owned, high-speed (usually measured in megabits per
second), and low error rate (typically 1 bit in a trillion). Compare with WAN.
Lease
See DHCP Lease.
LED
Light Emitting Diode
An electronic light-emitting device.
The indicator lights on the front of the
OxyGEN miniOffice are LEDs.
Line Card
A line card is a circuit pack which sends signals from the Central Office
to equipment used on the customer’s premises.
These signals provide the
intelligence needed to make terminal equipment work.
LLC
Logical Link Control
LLC is an ATM multiplexing method that allows multiple protocols to be carried
over a single VC by incorporating more information in the packet header. Note
that both ends of the connection must be set to the same multiplexing method.
If they are not the same, the system will discard all incoming packets that do not
match the configured multiplexing method. Compare with VCMux.
LLU
Local Loop Unbundling
LLU is the process where the incumbent operators make their local telephone
network (the copper cables that run from customers premises to the telephone
exchange) available to other companies. ISPs then put their own equipment into
the local telephone exchanges and that equipment links the customers directly
to the ISP’s servers, handling nothing else except traffic to and from the ISP.
See Full LLU, Shared LLU.
Load Coil
A metallic, doughnut shaped device used on local loops to extend their reach.
Load coils severely limit the bandwidth in digital communications.
Local Loop
The local loop is a 2-wire non-loaded copper wire pair with no bridged taps.
The local loop is terminated at the customer’s premises on a standard network
interface which is supplied by either the customer or a vendor.
LPD
Line Printer Daemon
A printing method most commonly used in Unix/Linux systems and TCP/IP
networks.
Gennet s.a.
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OxyGEN
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Administrator’s Guide
MAC address
Media Access Control Address
The permanent hardware address of a device, assigned by its manufacturer.
MAC addresses are expressed as six pairs of hex characters, with each pair
separated by colons. For example; XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX.
MAC Filtering
An access-control method based on the MAC address of the clients attempting
to connect.
Mask
See Network Mask.
Mbps
Abbreviation for Megabits per second, or one million bits per second. Network
data rates are often expressed in Mbps.
MER
MAC Encapsulated Routing
This term is usually used for routed EoA connections.
See EoA and Routed EoA.
Microfilter
A low-pass filters that allows only the voice service signal to pass.
Microfilters
are installed between each analog device (typically telephones, fax machines,
etc) and the phone jack in order to filter out any DSL signal noise from the voice
service, protecting at the same time the DSL signal from being contaminated by
any signal noise from the voice service. This way, both voice and DSL signal can
share the common inside wiring.
Modem
Originally short for MOulator/DEModulator, modem has become common us-
age. An electronic device that modulates an analog carrier, enabling digital
information to be sent over analog transmission facilities.
MTU
Maximum Transmission Unit
The largest packet size that can be transferred in one physical frame over a link.
Multicast
The delivery of IP packets to a group of destinations simultaneously. Multicast IP
streams of information are characterized by special multicast IP addresses and
participation of a host in a multicast group is controlled using the IGMP protocol.
A typical use of multicast IP is the IPTV service, where multiple subscribers receive
the same video content at the same time. Compare with Broadcast and Unicast.
Multiplexing
Transmitting several messages simultaneously on the same circuit or channel.
MWI
Message Waiting Indication
The MWI is a telephony feature informing the user when there are unheard
messages in the voice mailbox.
Narrowband
Traditionally, a channel with bandwidth less than or equal to one voice-grade line.
With advances in network technology, narrowband has come to be associated
with any channel operating at less than T1 (1.544Mbps) or E1 (2.048Mbps).
Contrast with Broadband and Wideband.
Gennet s.a.
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OxyGEN
mini
Office
Administrator’s Guide
NAT
Network Address Translation
A service performed by many routers that translates your network’s publicly
known IP address into a private IP address for each computer on your LAN. Only
your router and your LAN know these addresses; the outside world sees only
the public IP address when talking to a computer on your LAN. This way, many
computers at the LAN can share the same public IP address. Additionally, the
LAN devices have one additional level of protection from the Internet, since their
real IP address remains "hidden" behind the NAT service.
NAT-PMP
Network Address Translation - Port Mapping Protocol
A protocol for automating the process of port forwarding in NAT gateways.
Compare with IGD-UPnP.
Network
A group of computers that are connected together, allowing them to communi-
cate with each other and share resources, such as software, files, etc. A network
can be small, such as a LAN, or very large, such as the Internet.
Network Mask
A network mask is a sequence of bits applied to an IP address to separate
between the network-part and the host-part of the address.
Applying the
network mask to the IP address leads to the network ID, with bits set to 1 meaning
"select this bit" while bits set to 0 meaning "ignore this bit." For example, if the
network mask 255.255.255.0 is applied to the IP address 100.10.50.1, the network
ID is 100.10.50, and the host ID is 1.
See Binary, IP Address, Subnet.
NIC
Network Interface Card
An adapter card that plugs into your computer and provides the physical
interface to your network cabling.
For Ethernet NICs this is typically an RJ-45
connector.
See Ethernet, RJ-45.
Noise Margin
See SNR Margin.
Nslookup
An application that queries the assigned DNS server(s) and thus allows the user
to find out the IP address that corresponds to a hostname.
NTP
Network Time Protocol
A complex client/server network protocol that assures accurate synchronization
of computer clock times in a network of computers.
See SNTP.
Numbering Plan
A scheme of rules used for the partitioning of the telephone numbers into
different categories or types of subscribers.
OUI
Organizational Unique Identifier
A 3-byte long unique identifier assigned by the IEEE to vendors of network-
connected devices. The 3 first bytes of the MAC address of each device are
the OUI of the manufacturer of the device, whereas the remaining 3 bytes are
the device’s unique serial number, assigned to the device by the manufacturer.
Gennet s.a.
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OxyGEN
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Office
Administrator’s Guide
Outband
A method of information transmission out of the regular data stream as a
separate asynchronous message. For DTMFs, outband is the transmission of DTMF
signals as special RTP or SIP signals.
See RFC 2833 and RFC 2976. Compare Inband.
Packet
Data transmitted on a network consists of packages called packets.
Each
packet contains a payload (the data), plus overhead information such as where
it came from (source address) and where it should go (destination address).
Packets typically refer to OSI Layer-3 protocols (e.g. IP packets), in contrast to
frames, which refer to OSI Layer-2 protocols (e.g. Ethernet frame).
See Frame.
Passthrough
Passthrough means the transparent forwarding of a protocol or a service without
differentiation from the other types of traffic. Used in any kind of broadband
CPE mainly for PPPoE or VPN sessions and in IADs for fax transmission. In PPPoE
or VPN passthrough mode, PPPoE or VPN sessions originating from PCs on the
LAN are not distinguished from ordinary data traffic, whereas in fax pass-through
mode, gateways do not distinguish a fax call from an ordinary voice call.
Password
A secret sequence of characters allowing a user to authenticate himself. User-
name / password combinations are required in multi-user systems allowing the
user to gain access to a computer system or an online service.
Pattern
Patterns are strings of digits and special characters that match one or a whole
range of dialed telephony numbers. For example, 1XXX signifies 1000 through
1999. The X in 1XXX signifies a single digit, a placeholder or wildcard. In general,
a pattern matches the dialed number for outgoing calls, optionally performs
digit manipulation, and points to the appropriate destination for call routing.
PBX
Private Branch Exchange
A PBX is a private telephone switch that provides voice switching (including a
full set of switching features) for an office or campus. PBXs often use proprietary
digital-line protocols, although some are analog-based.
PCR
Peak Cell Rate
The rate of transmitted ATM cells per second that the source device may never
exceed.
PIN
Personal Identification Number
A secret numeric access code used to authenticate a user.
Ping
Packet Internet (or Inter-Network) Groper
A program used to verify whether there is IP connectivity between two networked
hosts.
POP
Point of Presence
The point within a Local Access and Transport Area (LATA) at which the
Interexchange Carrier (IEC) establishes itself.
The POP provides the IEC with
LATA access and enables the Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) to access inter-LATA
services.
Also, the consolidation point in a local calling area where traffic is
routed to an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Gennet s.a.
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OxyGEN
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Office
Administrator’s Guide
Port (Physical)
A physical access point to a device such as a computer or router, through which
data flows into and out of the device.
Port (TCP/UDP)
A TCP or UDP port or port number is an application-specific or process-specific
16-bit long field in the TCP or UDP Transport Layer protocols of the Internet
Protocol Suite. Each packet header will specify both a source and a destination
port with port values ranging from 1 to 65535.
Applications implementing
common services will normally listen on specific, well know port numbers (usually
below 1023) which have been defined by convention for use with the given
protocol (e.g. an HTTP server listens on TCP port 80). On the other hand, the
client end of the connection will typically use a varying, high port number.
Port Forwarding
Port Forwarding is the technique of taking packets destined for a specific TCP
of UDP port and IP address, and forwarding them to a different port and/or
IP address.
This is done transparently, meaning that network clients can not
see that Port Forwarding is being done. They connect to a port on a device
when in reality the packets are being redirected elsewhere. Port forwarding is
a common functionality offered by NAT-capable routers in order to allow an
outside computer to connect to a computer in a private LAN.
POTS
Plain Old Telephone Service
Basic analog telephone service, present in most homes worldwide, which sup-
ports very limited special facilities.
PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol
A protocol for serial data transmission that is used to carry IP (and other protocol)
data between your ISP and your computer. The WAN interface on the OxyGEN
miniOffice uses two forms of PPP called PPPoA and PPPoE.
See PPPoA, PPPoE.
PPPoA
Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM
One of the two types of PPP interfaces you can define for a Virtual Circuit (VC),
the other type being PPPoE. You can define only one PPPoA interface per VC.
PPPoE
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
One of the two types of PPP interfaces you can define for a Virtual Circuit (VC),
the other type being PPPoA. You can define one or more PPPoE interfaces per
VC or you can even run a PPPoE client on your personal computer and let it
"passthrough" the OxyGEN miniOffice.
Private IP
An IP address that can NOT be accessed from the Internet and has only local
significance.
Private IP addresses are commonly used in home networks and
intranets in general. By using these private IP addresses for local networks, the
number of public IP addresses needed for devices decreases a lot. In order to
enable these devices to access the Internet, the Network Address Translation
service comes into play. The multiple hosts on the LAN share a few, or even one,
public IP address and a NAT device performs the necessary address translations.
Compare with Public IP.
Gennet s.a.
225

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