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Page 166 / 193 Scroll up to view Page 161 - 165
166
Glossary
802
IEEE 802
(
IEEE Std. 802-2001
) is a family of standards for peer-to-peer communication over
a
LAN
. These technologies use a shared-medium, with information broadcast for all stations to
receive. The basic communications capabilities provided are packet-based. The basic unit of
transmission is a sequence of data octets (8-bits), which can be of any length within a range that
is dependent on the type of
LAN
.
Included in the 802 family of
IEEE
standards are definitions of bridging, management, and
security protocols.
802.1x
IEEE 802.1x
(
IEEE Std. 802.1x-2001
) is a standard for passing
EAP
packets over an
802.11
wireless network using a protocol called
EAP Encapsulation Over LANs
(EAPOL). It establishes
a framework that supports multiple authentication methods.
IEEE
802.1x authenticates users not machines.
802.2
IEEE
802.2 (
IEEE Std. 802.2.1998
) defines the
LLC
layer for the
802
family of standards.
802.3
IEEE 802.3
(
IEEE Std. 802.3-2002
) defines the
MAC
layer for networks that use
CSMA/CA
.
Ethernet
is an example of such a network.
802.11
IEEE 802.11
(
IEEE Std. 802.11-1999
) is a medium access control (
MAC
) and physical layer
(
PHY
) specification for wireless connectivity for fixed, portable, and moving stations within a local
area. It uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and supports
raw data rates of 1 and 2Mbps. It was formally adopted in 1997 but has been mostly superseded
by
802.11b
.
IEEE
802.11 is also used generically to refer to the family of
IEEE
standards for wireless local
area networks.
Page 167 / 193
167
Glossary
802.11b
IEEE 802.11b
(
IEEE Std. 802.11b-1999
) is an enhancement of the initial
802.11 PHY
to include
5.5 Mbps and 11 Mbps data rates. It uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) or frequency
hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) in the 2.4 GHz ISM band as well as complementary code keying
(CCK) to provide the higher data rates. It supports data rates ranging from 1 to 11 Mbps.
802.11e
IEEE 802.11e
is a developing
IEEE
standard for
MAC
enhancements to support
QoS
. It provides
a mechanism to prioritize traffic within
802.11
. It defines allowed changes in the Arbitration
Interframe Space, a minimum and maximum Contention Window size, and the maximum length
(in kµsec) of a burst of data.
IEEE
802.11e is still a draft
IEEE
standard (most recent version is D5.0, July 2003). A currently
available subset of 802.11e is the
Wireless Multimedia Enhancements
(
WME
) standard.
802.11f
IEEE
802.11f (
IEEE Std. 802.11f-2003
) is a standard that defines the inter access point protocol
(
IAPP
) for access points (wireless hubs) in an extended service set (
ESS
). The standard defines
how access points communicate the associations and reassociations of their mobile stations.
802.11g
IEEE 802.11g
(
IEEE Std. 802.11g-2003
) is a higher speed extension (up to 54 Mbps) to the
802.11b
PHY
, while operating in the 2.4 GHz band. It uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM). It supports data rates ranging from 1 to 54 Mbps.
802.11i
IEEE 802.11i
is a developing
IEEE
standard for security in a wireless local area network (
WLAN
).
It defines enhancements to the
MAC
Layer to counter the some of the weaknesses of
WEP
.
802.11i will incorporate
802.1x
and stronger encryption techniques, such as Advanced Encryption
Standard (
AES
).
IEEE
802.11i is still a draft
IEEE
standard (most recent version is D5.0, August 2003). A
currently available subset of 802.11i is the
Wi-Fi
Protected Access
(
WPA
) standard.
802.1Q
IEEE 802.1Q
is the
IEEE
standard for
Virtual Local Area Networks
(
VLAN
s) specific to wireless
technologies. (See
.)
The standard addresses the problem of how to break large networks into smaller parts to prevent
broadcast and multicast data traffic from consuming more bandwidth than is necessary. 802.11Q
also provides for better security between segments of internal networks. The 802.1Q specification
provides a standard method for inserting VLAN membership information into Ethernet frames.
Access Point
An
access point
is the communication hub for the devices on a
WLAN
, providing a connection or
bridgebetween wireless and wired network devices. It supports a
Wireless Networking Framework
called
Infrastructure Mode
.
Page 168 / 193
168
Glossary
When one access point is connected to a wired network and supports a set of wireless stations, it
is referred to as a basic service set (
BSS
). An extended service set (
ESS
) is created by combining
two or more BSSs.
Ad hoc Mode
Ad hoc mode
is a
Wireless Networking Framework
in which stations communicate directly with
each other. It is useful for quickly establishing a network in situations where formal infrastructure
is not required.
Ad hoc mode is also referred to as
peer-to-peer mode
or an independent basic service set
(
IBSS
).
AES
The
Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES) is a symmetric 128-bit block data encryption technique
developed to replace DES encryption. AES works at multiple network layers simultaneously.
Further information is available on the
NIST Web site
.
Basic Rate Set
The
basic rate set
defines the transmission rates that are mandatory for any station wanting to
join this wireless network. All stations must be able to receive data at the rates listed in this set.
Beacon
Beacon frames
provide the “heartbeat” of a
WLAN
, announcing the existence of the network,
and enabling stations to establish and maintain communications in an orderly fashion. It carries
the following information (some of which is optional):
Bridge
A connection between two local area networks (
LAN
s) using the same protocol, such as Ethernet
or
IEEE 802.1x
.
• The
Timestamp
is used by stations to update their local clock, enabling synchronization
among all associated stations.
• The
Beacon interval
defines the amount of time between transmitting beacon frames. Before
entering power save mode, a station needs the beacon interval to know when to wake up to
receive the beacon.
• The
Capability Information
lists requirements of stations that want to join the
WLAN
. For
example, it indicates that all stations must use
WEP
.
• The
Service Set Identifier
(
SSID
).
• The
Basic Rate Set
is a bitmap that lists the rates that the
WLAN
supports.
• The optional
Parameter Sets
indicates features of the specific signaling methods in use (such
as frequency hopping spread spectrum, direct sequence spread spectrum, etc.).
• The optional
Traffic Indication Map
(TIM) identifies stations, using power saving mode, that
have data
frames queued for them.
Page 169 / 193
169
Glossary
Broadcast
A
Broadcast
sends the same message at the same time to everyone. In wireless networks,
broadcast usually refers to an interaction in which the access point sends data traffic in the form
of
IEEE 802.1x Frame
s to all client stations on the network.
Some wireless security modes distinguish between how unicast, multicast, and broadcast frames
are encrypted or whether they are encrypted.
See also
Unicast
and
Multicast
.
Broadcast Address
See
IP Address
.
BSS
A
basic service set
(BSS) is an
Infrastructure Mode Wireless Networking Framework
with a
single access
point. Also see extended service set (
ESS
) and independent basic service set (
IBSS
).
BSSID
In
Infrastructure Mode
, the
Basic Service Set Identifier
(BSSID) is the 48-bit
MAC
address of the
wireless interface of the
Access Point
.
CCMP
Counter mode/CBC-MAC Protocol
(CCMP) is an encryption method for
802.11i
that uses
AES
. It
employs a
CCM
mode of operation, combining the Cipher Block Chaining Counter mode (CBC-
CTR) and the Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code (CBC-MAC) for encryption
and message integrity.
AES-CCMP requires a hardware coprocessor to operate.
CGI
The
Common Gateway Interface
(CGI) is a standard for running external programs from an
HTTP
server. It specifies how to pass arguments to the executing program as part of the
HTTP
request.
It may also define a set of environment variables.
A CGI program is a common way for an
HTTP
server to interact dynamically with users. For
example, an HTML page containing a form can use a CGI program to process the form data
after it is submitted.
Channel
The
Channel
defines the portion of the radio spectrum the radio uses for transmitting and receiving.
Each
802.11
standard offers a number of channels, dependent on how the spectrum is licensed by
national and transnational authorities such as the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
,
the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
, the
Korean Communications
Commission
, or the
Telecom Engineering Center (TELEC)
.
Page 170 / 193
170
Glossary
CSMA/CA
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
(CSMA/CA) is a low-level network
arbitration/contention protocol. A station listens to the media and attempts to transmit a packet
when the channel is quiet. When it detects that the channel is idle, the station transmits the
packet. If it detects that the channel is busy, the station waits a random amount of time and then
attempts to access the media again.
CSMA/CA is the basis of the IEEE 802.11e Distributed Control Function (
DCF
). See also
RTS
and
CTS
.
The CSMA/CA protocol used by
802.11
networks is a variation on CSMA/CD (used by
Ethernet
networks). In CSMA/CD the emphasis is on collision
detection
whereas with CSMA/CA the
emphasis is on collision
avoidance
.
CTS
A
clear to send
(CTS) message is a signal sent by an
IEEE 802.11
client station in response to
a
request to send
(
RTS
) message. The CTS message indicates that the channel is clear for the
sender of the RTS message to begin data transfer. The other stations will wait to keep the air
waves clear. This message is a part of the IEEE 802.11
CSMA/CA
protocol. (See also
RTS
.)
DCF
The
Distribution Control Function
is a component of the IEEE 802.11e Quality of Service (QoS)
technology standard. The DCF coordinates channel access among multiple stations on a wireless
network by controlling wait times for channel access. Wait times are determined by a random
backoff timer which is configurable by defining minimum and maximum contention windows.
DHCP
The
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) is a protocol specifying how a central server
can dynamically provide network configuration information to clients. A DHCP server “offers” a
“lease” (for a pre-configured period of time—see
Lease Time
) to the client system. The information
supplied includes the client’s IP addresses and netmask plus the address of its
DNS
servers
and
Gateway
.
DNS
The
Domain Name Service
(DNS) is a general-purpose query service used for translating
fully-
qualified names
into Internet addresses. A fully-qualified name consists of the hostname of a
system plus its domain name. For example,
www
is the host name of a Web server and www.
dlink.com
is the fully-qualified name of that server. DNS translates the domain name www.dlink.
com to some IP address, for example 66.93.138.219.
A
domain name
identifies one or more IP addresses. Conversely, an IP address may map to
more than one domain name.
A domain name has a suffix that indicates which
top level domain
(TLD) it belongs to. Every
country has its own top-level domain, for example
.de
for Germany,
.fr
for France,
.jp
for
Japan,
.tw
for Taiwan,
.uk
for the United Kingdom,
.us
for the U.S.A., and so on. There are
also
.com
for commercial bodies,
.edu
for educational institutions,
.net
for network operators,
and
.org
for other organizations as well as
.gov
for the U. S. government and
.mil
for its
armed services.

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