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User Manual
Aolynk DR811/DR814 ADSL2+Broadband Router
8
Troubleshooting
68
address of a particular Internet location, you can use the
nslookup
command, as
explained in the following section.
For most other IP-enabled operating systems, you can execute the same command at
a command prompt or through a system administration utility.
8.2.2 nslookup
You can use the nslookup command to determine the IP address associated with an
Internet site name. You specify the common name, and the nslookup command looks
up the name in your DNS server (usually located with your ISP). If that name is not an
entry in your ISP
’
s DNS table, the request is then referred to another higher-level server,
and so on, until the entry is found. The server then returns the associated IP address.
On Windows-based computers, you can execute the nslookup command from the
Start
menu. Click the
Start
button, and then click
Run
. In the
Open
text box, type the
following:
Nslookup
Click
OK
. A Command Prompt window is displayed with a bracket prompt (>). At the
prompt, type the name of the Internet address that you are interested in, such as
www.microsoft.com
.
The window will display the associate IP address, if known, as shown below:
Figure 8-2
Using the nslookup utility
There may be several addresses associated with an Internet name. This is common for
web sites that receive heavy traffic; they use multiple, redundant servers to carry the
same information.
To exit from the nslookup utility, type
exit
and press
[Enter]
at the command prompt.
Page 72 / 77
User Manual
Aolynk DR811/DR814 ADSL2+Broadband Router
9
Appendix - Glossary
69
9
Appendix - Glossary
10BASE-T
A designation for the type of wiring used by Ethernet networks
with a data rate of 10 Mbps. Also known as Category 3 (CAT 3)
wiring. See also data rate, Ethernet.
100BASE-T
A designation for the type of wiring used by Ethernet networks
with a data rate of 100 Mbps. Also known as Category 5 (CAT 5)
wiring.
See also data rate, Ethernet
.
ADSL
Asymmetric
Digital
Subscriber
Line
The most commonly deployed "flavor" of
DSL for home users is
asymmetrical DSL. The term asymmetrical refers to its unequal
data rates for downloading and uploading (the download rate is
higher than the upload rate). The asymmetrical rates benefit
home users because they typically download much more data
from the Internet than they upload.
ATM
Asynchrono
us Transfer
Mode
A standard for high-speed transmission of data, text, voice, and
video, widely used within the Internet. ATM data rates range
from 45 Mbps to 2.5 Gbps.
See also data rate
.
authenticate
To verify a user
’
s identity, such as by prompting for a password.
binary
The "base two" system of numbers, which uses only two digits, 0
and 1, to represent all numbers. In binary, the number 1 is
written as 1, 2 as 10, 3 as 11, 4 as 100, etc. Although expressed
as decimal numbers for convenience, IP addresses in actual
use are binary numbers; e.g., the IP address 209.191.4.240 is
11010001.10111111.00000100.11110000 in binary.
See also
bit, IP address, network mask
.
bit
Short for "binary digit," a bit is a number that can have two
values, 0 or 1.
See also binary
.
bps
bits per second
bridging
Passing data from your network to your ISP and vice versa
using the hardware addresses of the devices at each location.
Bridging contrasts with routing, which can add more intelligence
to data transfers by using network addresses instead. The
ADSL router can perform both routing and bridging. Typically,
when both functions are enabled, the device routes IP data and
bridges all other types of data. See also
routing
.
broadband
A telecommunications technology that can send different types
of data over the same medium. DSL is a broadband technology.
broadcast
To send data to all computers on a network.
Page 73 / 77
User Manual
Aolynk DR811/DR814 ADSL2+Broadband Router
9
Appendix - Glossary
70
DHCP
Dynamic
Host
Configuratio
n Protocol
DHCP automates address assignment and management. When
a computer connects to the LAN, DHCP assigns it an IP address
from a shared pool of IP addresses; after a specified time limit,
DHCP returns the address to the pool.
DHCP server
Dynamic
Host
Configuratio
n Protocol
server
A DHCP server is a computer that is responsible for assigning IP
addresses to the computers on a LAN.
See DHCP
.
DNS
Domain
Name
System
The DNS maps domain names into IP addresses. DNS
information is distributed hierarchically throughout the Internet
among computers called DNS servers. For example,
www.yahoo.com
is the domain name associated with IP
address 216.115.108.243. When you start to access a web site,
a DNS server looks up the requested domain name to find its
corresponding IP address. If the DNS server cannot find the IP
address, it communicates with higher-level DNS servers to
determine the IP address.
See also domain name.
domain
name
A domain name is a user-friendly name used in place of its
associated IP address. Domain names must be unique; their
assignment is controlled by the Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). A domain name is a
key element of a URL, which identifies a specific file at a web
site.
See also DNS.
download
To transfer data in the downstream direction, i.e. from the
Internet to the user.
DSL
Digital
Subscriber
Line
A technology that allows both digital data and analog voice
signals to travel over existing copper telephone lines.
Ethernet
The most commonly installed computer network technology,
usually using twisted pair wiring. Ethernet data rates are 10
Mbps and 100 Mbps.
See also 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, and
twisted pair
.
firewall
A firewall is a method for protecting your computer or LAN from
attacks and other unwelcome or malicious accesses from the
outside (i.e. the Internet). Unauthorized users may attempt to
attack your network in order to prevent you or others on your
LAN from using.
You can protect your network by blocking certain types of IP
traffic commonly used by
‘
hackers
’
to transport attacks from the
Internet to your LAN (incoming traffic). Similarly, you can restrict
the types of IP traffic sent from your network to the Internet
(outgoing traffic). Some firewall protection can be provided by
packet filtering and Network Address Translation services.
FTP
File Transfer
Protocol
A program used to transfer files between computers connected
to the Internet. Common uses include uploading new or updated
files to a web server, and downloading files from a web server.
Gbps
Abbreviation for Gigabits (
“
GIG-uh-bits
”
) per second, or one
billion bits per second. Internet data rates are often expressed in
Gbps.
Page 74 / 77
User Manual
Aolynk DR811/DR814 ADSL2+Broadband Router
9
Appendix - Glossary
71
host
A device (usually a computer) connected to a network.
HTTP
Hyper-Text
Transfer
Protocol
HTTP is the main protocol used to transfer data from web sites
so that it can be displayed by web browsers.
See also web
browser, web site
.
Hub
A hub is a place of convergence where data arrives from one or
more directions and is forwarded out in one or more directions. It
usually includes a switch of some kind. It connects an Ethernet
bridge/router to a group of PCs on a LAN and allows
communication to pass between the networked devices.
ICMP
Internet
Control
Message
Protocol
An Internet protocol used to report errors and other
network-related information. The ping command makes use of
ICMP.
IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a
technical professional society that fosters the development of
standards that often become national and international
standards.
Internet
The global collection of interconnected networks used for both
private and business communications.
intranet
A private, company-internal network that looks like part of the
Internet (users access information using web browsers), but is
accessible only by employees.
IP
See TCP/IP
.
IP address
Internet
Protocol
address
The address of a host (computer) on the Internet, consisting of
four numbers, each from 0 to 255, separated by periods, e.g.,
209.191.4.240. An IP address consists of a
network ID
that
identifies the particular network the host belongs to, and a
host
ID
uniquely identifying the host itself on that network. A network
mask is used to define the network ID and the host ID. Because
IP addresses are difficult to remember, they usually have an
associated domain name that can be specified instead.
See also
domain name, network mask
.
ISP
Internet
Service
Provider
A company that provides Internet access to its customers,
usually for a fee.
LAN
Local Area
Network
A network limited to a small geographic area, such as a home,
office, or small building.
LED
Light
Emitting
Diode
An electronic light-emitting device. The indicator lights on the
front of the ADSL router are LEDs.
MAC
address
Media
Access
Control
address
The permanent hardware address of a device, assigned by its
manufacturer. MAC addresses are expressed as six pairs of hex
characters, with each pair separated by colons. For example,
NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN
.
mask
See network mask
.
Mbps
Abbreviation for Megabits per second, or one million bits per
second. Network data rates are often expressed in Mbps.
Page 75 / 77
User Manual
Aolynk DR811/DR814 ADSL2+Broadband Router
9
Appendix - Glossary
72
NAT
Network
Address
Translation
A service performed by many routers that translates your
network
’
s publicly known IP address into a
private
IP address for
each computer on your LAN. Only your router and your LAN
know these addresses; the outside world sees only the public IP
address when talking to a computer on your LAN.
network
A group of computers that are connected together, allowing
them to communicate with each other and share resources,
such as software, files, etc. A network can be small, such as a
LAN
, or very large, such as the
Internet
.
network
mask
A network mask is a sequence of bits applied to an IP address to
select the network ID while ignoring the host ID. A bits set to 1
means "select this bit" while a bit set to 0 means "ignore this bit."
For example, if the network mask 255.255.255.0 is applied to
the IP address 100.10.50.1, the network ID is 100.10.50, and
the host ID is 1.
See also binary, IP address, subnet, "IP
Addresses Explained" section
.
NIC
Network
Interface
Card
An adapter card that plugs into your computer and provides the
physical interface to your network cabling, which for Ethernet
NICs is typically an RJ-45 connector.
See Ethernet, RJ-45
.
packet
Data transmitted on a network consists of units called packets.
Each packet contains a payload (the data), plus overhead
information such as where it comes from (source address) and
where it should go (destination address).
ping
Packet
Internet (or
Inter-Networ
k) Groper
A program used to verify whether the host associated with an IP
address is online. It can also be used to reveal the IP address for
a given domain name.
port
A physical access point to a device such as a computer or
router, through which data flows into and out of the device.
PPP
Point-to-Poi
nt Protocol
A protocol for serial data transmission that is used to carry IP
(and other protocol) data between your ISP and your computer.
The WAN interface on the ADSL router uses two forms of PPP
called PPPoA and PPPoE.
See also PPPoA, PPPoE
.
PPPoA
Point-to-Poi
nt Protocol
over ATM
One of the two types of PPP interfaces you can define for a
Virtual Circuit (VC), the other type being PPPoE. You can define
only one PPPoA interface per VC.
PPPoE
Point-to-Poi
nt Protocol
over
Ethernet
One of the two types of PPP interfaces you can define for a
Virtual Circuit (VC), the other type being PPPoA. You can define
one or more PPPoE interfaces per VC.
protocol
A set of rules governing the transmission of data. In order for a
data transmission to work, both ends of the connection have to
follow the rules of the protocol.
remote
In a physically separate location. For example, an employee
away on travel who logs in to the company
’
s intranet is a remote
user.
RJ-11
Registered
Jack
Standard-11
The standard plug used to connect telephones, fax machines,
modems, etc. to a telephone port. It is a 6-pin connector usually
containing four wires.

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