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Appendix D: Twisted-Pair Cabling
There are different grades, or categories, of twisted-pair cabling. Category 5 is
the most reliable and is highly recommended. Category 3 is a good second
choice. Straight-through cables are used for connecting computers to a hub.
Crossover cables are used for connecting a hub to another hub (there is an
exception: some hubs have a built-in uplink port that is crossed internally; this
allows you to link or connect hubs together with a straight-through cable
instead).
You can buy pre-made Category 5
cabling, or cut and crimp your own.
Category 5 cables can be purchased or
crimped as either straight-through or
crossover. Inside a Category 5 cable
are eight thin, color-coded wires that
run from one end of the cable to the
other. All eight wires are used. In a
straight-through cable, wires 1, 2, 3,
and 6 at one end of the cable are also
wires 1, 2, 3, and 6 at the other end. In
a crossover cable, the order of the
wires change from one end to the
other: wire 1 becomes 3, and 2
becomes 6. See the dia-
grams on the next page
for more detailed infor-
mation
on
straight-
through and crossover
cabling.
To determine which wire is wire number 1, hold the cable so
that the end of the plastic RJ-45 tip (the part that goes into a
wall jack first) is facing away from you. Face the clip down
so that the copper side faces up (the springy clip will now be
parallel to the floor).When looking down on the copper side,
wire 1 will be on the far left.
Figure D-1
Figure D-2
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6. Find and double-click
TCP/IP
in the list on the right side
.
7. After a few seconds you will be brought back to the main Network window.
The TCP/IP Protocol should now be listed.
8. Click
OK
. Windows may ask for original Windows installation files. Supply
them as needed (i.e.: D:\win98, D:\win95, c:\windows\options\cabs.)
9. Windows will ask you to restart the PC. Click
Yes
.
The TCP/IP Installation is complete.
Figure C-2
Figure C-3
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Appendix E: Glossary
Ad-hoc Network
- An ad-hoc network is a wireless network or other small net-
work in which some of the network devices are part of the network only for the
duration of a communications session, while others stay in close proximity to
the rest of the network.
BSS
(Basic Service Set) - A group of Instant Wireless
TM
Network PC Card
users and a Wireless AP + Cable/DSL Router.
Default Gateway
- The router used to forward all traffic that is not addressed
to a station within the local subnet.
DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - A protocol that lets network
administrators centrally manage and automate the assignment of Internet
Protocol (IP) addresses in an organization's network. Using the Internet's set of
protocol (TCP/IP), each machine that can connect to the Internet needs a
unique IP address. When an organization sets up its computer users with a con-
nection to the Internet, an IP address must be assigned to each machine.
Without DHCP, the IP address must be entered manually at each computer and,
if computers move to another location in another part of the network, a new IP
address must be entered. DHCP lets a network administrator supervise and dis-
tribute IP addresses from a central point and automatically sends a new IP
address when a computer is plugged into a different place in the network.
DHCP uses the concept of a “lease” or amount of time that a given IP address
will be valid for a computer. The lease time can vary depending on how long a
user is likely to require the Internet connection at a particular location. It’s espe-
cially useful in education and other environments where users change fre-
quently. Using very short leases, DHCP can dynamically reconfigure networks
in which there are more computers than there are available IP addresses.
DHCP supports static addresses for computers containing Web servers that
need a permanent IP address.
DMZ
- A DMZ (demilitarized zone) is a computer host or small network
inserted as a “neutral zone” between a company’s private network and the out-
side public network. It prevents outside users from getting direct access to a
server that has company data.
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bles
For Straight-Through Cabling, see Figure D-3 and for Cross-Over Cabling, see
Figure D-4.
• Straight-Through Cabling
•Cross-Over Cabling
Figure D-3
Figure D-4
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IEEE
- The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The IEEE
describes itself as “the world's largest technical professional society—promot-
ing the development and application of electrotechnology and allied sciences
for the benefit of humanity, the advancement of the profession, and the well-
being of our members.”
The IEEE fosters the development of standards that often become national and
international standards. The organization publishes a number of journals, has
many local chapters, and has several large societies in special areas, such as the
IEEE Computer Society.
Infrastructure
- An infrastructure network is a wireless network or other small
network in which the wireless network devices are made a part of the network
through an Access Point that connects them to the rest of the network.
IP Address
- In the most widely installed level of the Internet Protocol (IP)
today, an IP address is a 32-binary digit number that identifies each sender or
receiver of information that is sent in packets across the Internet. When you
request an HTML page or send e-mail, the Internet Protocol part of TCP/IP
includes your IP address in the message (actually, in each of the packets if more
than one is required) and sends it to the IP address that is obtained by looking
up the domain name in the Uniform Resource Locator you requested or in the
e-mail address you're sending a note to. At the other end, the recipient can see
the IP address of the Web page requester or the e-mail sender and can respond
by sending another message using the IP address it received.
IPCONFIG
- A utility that provides for querying, defining and managing IP
addresses within a network.
A commonly used utility, under Windows NT and
2000, for configuring networks with static IP addresses.
IPSec
- IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) is a developing standard for securi-
ty at the network or packet processing layer of network communication. A big
advantage of IPSec is that security arrangements can be handled without
requiring changes to individual user computers.
ISP
- An ISP (Internet service provider) is a company that provides individuals
and companies access to the Internet and other related services such as website
building and virtual hosting.
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DNS
- The Domain Name System (DNS) is the way that Internet domain
names are located and translated into Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. A
domain name is a meaningful and easy-to-remember “handle” for an Internet
address.
DSSS
- Also known as “Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum,” this is a variety of
radio transmission methods that continuously change frequencies or signal pat-
terns. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), which is used in CDMA,
multiplies the data bits by a very fast, pseudo-random bit pattern (PN sequence)
that “spreads” the data into a large coded stream that takes the full bandwidth
of the channel
Dynamic IP Address
- An IP address that is automatically assigned to a client
station in a TCP/IP network, typically by a DHCP server. Network devices that
serve multiple users, such as servers and printers, are usually assigned static IP
addresses.
ESS
- More than one BSS in a network.
FHSS
- Also known as “Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum.” Frequency
Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) continuously changes the center frequency
of a conventional carrier several times per second according to a pseudo-ran-
dom set of channels, while chirp spread spectrum changes the carrier frequen-
cy. Because a fixed frequency is not used, illegal monitoring of spread spec-
trum signals is extremely difficult, if not downright impossible depending on
the particular method.
Firewall
- A firewall is a set of related programs, located at a network gateway
server, that protects the resources of a network from users of other networks.
(The term also implies the security policy that is used with the programs.) An
enterprise with an intranet that allows its workers access to the wider Internet
installs a firewall to prevent outsiders from accessing its own private data
resources and to control which outside resources to which its own users have
access.
Basically, a firewall, working closely with a router program, examines each
network packet to determine whether to forward it toward its destination.
Firmware
- Programming that is inserted into programmable read-only mem-
ory, thus becoming a permanent part of a computing device.
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PrintServer
- A hardware device that enables a printer to be located anywhere
in the network.
RJ-45
- A connector similar to a telephone connector that holds up to eight
wires, used for connecting Ethernet devices.
Roaming
- The ability to use a wireless device and be able to move from one
access point’s range to another without losing the connection.
SNMP
(Simple Network Management Protocol) - A widely used network mon-
itoring and control protocol. Data is passed from SNMP agents, which are
hardware and/or software processes reporting activity in each network device
(hub, router, bridge, etc.) to the workstation console used to oversee the net-
work. The agents return information contained in a MIB (Management
Information Base), which is a data structure that defines what is obtainable
from the device and what can be controlled (turned off, on, etc.).
SSID
(Service Set IDentifier) - A unique name shared among all points in a
wireless network. The SSID must be identical for each point in the wireless net-
work and is case-sensitive. Also known as "ESSID."
Static IP Address
- A permanent IP address that is assigned to a node in a
TCP/IP network.
Subnet Mask
- The method used for splitting IP networks into a series of sub-
groups, or subnets. The mask is a binary pattern that is matched up with the IP
address to turn part of the host ID address field into a field for subnets.
TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) - A method (protocol) used along with
the Internet Protocol (IP) to send data in the form of message units between
computers over the Internet. While IP takes care of handling the actual deliv-
ery of the data, TCP takes care of keeping track of the individual units of data
(called packets) that a message is divided into for efficient routing through the
Internet.
TCP/IP
- Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the
basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used
as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an
extranet). When you are set up with direct access to the Internet, your comput-
er is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other computer
that you may send messages to or get information from also has a copy of
TCP/IP.
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LAN
- A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated
devices that share a common communications line and typically share the
resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area (for
example, within an office building).
MAC Address
- The MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique num-
ber assigned by the manufacturer to any Ethernet networking device, such as a
network adapter, that allows the network to identify it at the hardware level.
mIRC
- mIRC runs under Windows and provides a graphical interface for log-
ging onto IRC servers and listing, joining, and leaving channels.
NAT
- NAT (Network Address Translation) is the translation of an Internet
Protocol address (IP address) used within one network to a different IP address
known within another network. One network is designated the inside network
and the other is the outside.
Network Mask
- also known as the “Subnet Mask.”
Packet Filtering
- Discarding unwanted network traffic based on its originat-
ing address or range of addresses or its type (e-mail, file transfer, etc.).
PCMCIA
- The PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association) is an industry group organized in 1989 to promote standards for a
credit card-size memory or I/O device that would fit into a personal computer,
usually a notebook or laptop computer.
Ping
(Packet INternet Groper) - An Internet utility used to determine whether
a particular IP address is online. It is used to test and debug a network by send-
ing out a packet and waiting for a response.
PPPoE
(Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet) - A method used mostly by DSL
providers for connecting personal computers to a broadband modem for
Internet access.
It is similar to how a dial-up connection works but at higher
speeds and quicker access.
PPTP
(Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) - A protocol (set of communication
rules) that allows corporations to extend their own corporate network through pri-
vate “tunnels” over the public Internet. Effectively, a corporation uses a wide-area
network as a single large local area network. A company no longer needs to lease
its own lines for wide-area communication but can securely use the public net-
works. This kind of interconnection is known as a virtual private network (VPN).
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Appendix F: Specifications
Model Number
BEFSR41W
Standards
PC Card 16-bit standard, IEEE 802.3 (10BaseT),
IEEE 802.3u (100BaseTX), IEEE 802.11b
(Wireless)*
Protocol
CSMA/CD
Ports
WAN:
One 10Base-T RJ-45 Port for Cable/DSL Modem
LAN:
Four 10/100 RJ-45 Switched Ports,
One Shared Uplink Port
Speed
WAN
10Mbps
LAN
10/100Mbps (Half Duplex) 20/200Mbps (Full
Duplex)
Wireless
*
Up to 11 Mbps
Cabling Type
UTP Category 5 or better
Operating Range*
Indoors:
Up to
300 ft. (91m)
(Wireless)
Outdoors:
Up to
1500 ft. (457m)
LEDs
Power, Diag
WAN
WAN
LAN
100, Full/Col, Link/Act, WLAN
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UDP
(User Datagram Protocol) - A communications method (protocol) that
offers a limited amount of service when messages are exchanged between com-
puters in a network that uses the Internet Protocol (IP). UDP is an alternative
to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and, together with IP, is sometimes
referred to as UDP/IP. Like the Transmission Control Protocol, UDP uses the
Internet Protocol to actually get a data unit (called a datagram) from one com-
puter to another. Unlike TCP, however, UDP does not provide the service of
dividing a message into packets (datagrams) and reassembling it at the other
end. Specifically, UDP doesn't provide sequencing of the packets that the data
arrives in. This means that the application program that uses UDP must be able
to make sure that the entire message has arrived and is in the right order.
Network applications that want to save processing time because they have very
small data units to exchange (and therefore very little message reassembling to
do) may prefer UDP to TCP.
UTP
- Unshielded twisted pair is the most common kind of copper telephone
wiring. Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many
business computers to the telephone company. To reduce crosstalk or electro-
magnetic induction between pairs of wires, two insulated copper wires are
twisted around each other. Each signal on twisted pair requires both wires.
Since some telephone sets or desktop locations require multiple connections,
twisted pair is sometimes installed in two or more pairs, all within a single
cable.
Virtual Server
- Multiple servers that appear as one server, or one system
image, to the operating system or for network administration
WAN
- A communications network that covers a wide geographic area, such as
a state or country.
WEP
(Wired Equivalent Privacy) - A data privacy mechanism based on a 64-
bit shared key algorithm, as described in the IEEE 802.11 standard.
WINIPCFG
- Configuration utility based on the Win32 API for querying,
defining, and managing IP addresses within a network.
A commonly used util-
ity, under Windows 95, 98, and Millennium, for configuring networks with
static IP addresses.
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