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EtherFast Cable/DSL Routers
IPCONFIG
– A Windows NT or 2000 utility that provides for querying, defin-
ing and managing IP addresses within a network.
A commonly used utility for
configuring networks with static IP addresses.
IPSec
- IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) is a developing standard for securi-
ty at the network or packet processing layer of network communication. A big
advantage of IPSec is that security arrangements can be handled without
requiring changes to individual user computers.
IRQ
(Interrupt ReQuest) - A hardware interrupt on a PC. There are 16 IRQ
lines used to signal the CPU that a peripheral event has started or terminated.
Except for PCI devices, two devices cannot use the same line.
ISP
- An ISP (Internet service provider) is a company that provides individuals
and companies access to the Internet and other related services such as Web site
building and virtual hosting.
LAN
- A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated
devices that share a common communications line and typically share the
resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area (for
example, within an office building).
Latency
- The time delay between when the first bit of a packet is received and
the last bit is forwarded.
MAC Address
- The MAC (Media Access Control) address is your computer’s
unique hardware number.
Mbps
(MegaBits Per Second) - One million bits per second; unit of measure-
ment for data transmission.
mIRC
- mIRC runs under Windows and provides a graphical interface for log-
ging onto IRC servers and listing, joining and leaving channels.
Motherboard
- A motherboard is the physical arrangement in a computer that
contains the computer’s basic circuitry and components.
NAT
- NAT (Network Address Translation) is the translation of an Internet
Protocol address (IP address) used within one network to a different IP address
known within another network. One network is designated the inside network
and the other is the outside.
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Full Duplex
- The ability of a device or line to transmit data simultaneously in
both directions.
Gateway
– A device that interconnects networks with different, incompatible
communications protocols.
Half Duplex
- Data transmission that can occur in two directions over a single
line, but only one direction at a time.
Hardware
- Hardware is the physical aspect of computers, telecommunica-
tions, and other information technology devices. The term arose as a way to dis-
tinguish the “box” and the electronic circuitry and components of a computer
from the program you put in it to make it do things. The program came to be
known as the software.
Hub
- The device that serves as the central location for attaching wires from
workstations. Can be passive, where there is no amplification of the signals; or
active, where the hubs are used like repeaters to provide an extension of the
cable that connects to a workstation.
IEEE
- The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The IEEE
describes itself as “the world’s largest technical professional society — pro-
moting the development and application of electrotechnology and allied sci-
ences for the benefit of humanity, the advancement of the profession, and the
well-being of our members.”
The IEEE fosters the development of standards that often become national and
international standards. The organization publishes a number of journals, has
many local chapters, and several large societies in special areas, such as the
IEEE Computer Society.
IP Address
- In the most widely installed level of the Internet Protocol
(Internet Protocol) today, an IP address is a 32-binary digit number that identi-
fies each sender or receiver of information that is sent in packet across the
Internet. When you request an HTML page or send e-mail, the Internet
Protocol part of TCP/IP includes your IP address in the message (actually, in
each of the packets if more than one is required) and sends it to the IP address
that is obtained by looking up the domain name in the Uniform Resource
Locator you requested or in the e-mail address you’re sending a note to. At the
other end, the recipient can see the IP address of the Web page requestor or the
e-mail sender and can respond by sending another message using the IP address
it received.
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PCI
(Peripheral Component Interconnect) - A peripheral bus commonly used
in PCs, Macintoshes and workstations. It was designed primarily by Intel and
first appeared on PCs in late 1993. PCI provides a high-speed data path
between the CPU and peripheral devices (video, disk, network, etc.). There
are typically three or four PCI slots on the motherboard. In a Pentium PC,
there is generally a mix of PCI and ISA slots or PCI and EISA slots. Early
on, the PCI bus was known as a “local bus.”
PCI provides “plug and play” capability, automatically configuring the PCI
cards at startup. When PCI is used with the ISA bus, the only thing that is
generally required is to indicate in the CMOS memory which IRQs are
already in use by ISA cards. PCI takes care of the rest.
PCI allows IRQs to be shared, which helps to solve the problem of limited
IRQs available on a PC. For example, if there were only one IRQ left over
after ISA devices were given their required IRQs, all PCI devices could share
it. In a PCI-only machine, there cannot be insufficient IRQs, as all can be
shared.
PCMCIA
- The PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association) is an industry group organized in 1989 to promote standards for a
credit card-size memory or I/O device that would fit into a personal computer,
usually a notebook or laptop computer.
Ping
- (Packet INternet Groper) An Internet utility used to determine whether
a particular IP address is online. It is used to test and debug a network by send-
ing out a packet and waiting for a response.
Plug-and-Play
- The ability of a computer system to configure expansion
boards and other devices automatically without requiring the user to turn off
the system during installation.
Port
- A pathway into and out of the computer or a network device such as a
switch or router. For example, the serial and parallel ports on a personal com-
puter are external sockets for plugging in communications lines, modems and
printers.
Port Mirroring
- Port mirroring, also known as a roving analysis port, is a
method of monitoring network traffic that forwards a copy of each incoming
and outgoing packet from one port of a network switch to another port where
the packet can be studied. A network administrator uses port mirroring as a
diagnostic tool or debugging feature, especially when fending off an attack. It
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NetBEUI
(NetBIOS Extended User Interface) - The transport layer for
NetBIOS. NetBIOS and NetBEUI were originally part of a single protocol
suite that was later separated. NetBIOS sessions can be transported over
NetBEUI, TCP/IP and SPX/IPX protocols.
NetBIOS
- The native networking protocol in DOS and Windows networks.
Although originally combined with its transport layer protocol (NetBEUI),
NetBIOS today provides a programming interface for applications at the ses-
sion layer (layer 5). NetBIOS can ride over NetBEUI, its native transport,
which is not routable, or over TCP/IP and IPX/SPX, which are routable proto-
cols.
NetBIOS computers are identified by a unique 15-character name, and
Windows machines (NetBIOS machines) periodically broadcast their names
over the network so that Network Neighborhood can catalog them. For
TCP/IP networks, NetBIOS names are turned into IP addresses via manual
configuration in an LMHOSTS file or a WINS server.
There are two NetBIOS modes. The Datagram mode is the fastest mode, but
does not guarantee delivery. It uses a self-contained packet with send and
receive name, usually limited to 512 bytes. If the recipient device is not lis-
tening for messages, the datagram is lost. The Session mode establishes a
connection until broken. It guarantees delivery of messages up to 64KB long.
Network
- A system that transmits any combination of voice, video and/or data
between users.
Network Mask
- Also known as the “Subnet Mask”.
NIC
(Network Interface Card) - A board installed in a computer system, usu-
ally a PC, to provide network communication capabilities to and from that com-
puter system. Also called an adapter.
Notebook (PC)
- A notebook computer is a battery-powered personal comput-
er generally smaller than a briefcase that can easily be transported and conve-
niently used in temporary spaces such as on airplanes, in libraries, temporary
offices, and at meetings. A notebook computer, sometimes called a laptop com-
puter, typically weighs less than five pounds and is three inches or less in thick-
ness.
Packet Filtering
- Discarding unwanted network traffic based on its originat-
ing address or range of addresses or its type (e-mail, file transfer, etc.).
Partitioning
- To divide a resource or application into smaller pieces.
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is made up of control programs such as the operating system and database
management system (DBMS). Application software is any program that
processes data for the user.
A common misconception is that software is data. It is not. Software tells the
hardware how to process the data.
SOHO
(Small Office/Home Office) - Market segment of professionals who
work at home or in small offices.
Static IP Address
- A permanent IP address that is assigned to a node in an IP
or a TCP/IP network.
Static Routing
- Forwarding data in a network via a fixed path. Static routing
cannot adjust to changing line conditions as can dynamic routing.
Storage
- The semi-permanent or permanent holding place for digital data.
STP
(Shielded Twisted Pair) - Telephone wire that is wrapped in a metal sheath
to eliminate external interference.
Subnet Mask
- The method used for splitting IP networks into a series of sub-
groups, or subnets. The mask is a binary pattern that is matched up with the IP
address to turn part of the host ID address field into a field for subnets.
Swapping
- Replacing one segment of a program in memory with another and
restoring it back to the original when required.
Switch
– 1. A data switch connects computing devices to host computers,
allowing a large number of devices to share a limited number of ports. 2. A
device for making, breaking, or changing the connections in an electrical cir-
cuit.
TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) - A method (protocol) used along with
the Internet Protocol (Internet Protocol) to send data in the form of message
units between computers over the Internet. While IP takes care of handling the
actual delivery of the data, TCP takes care of keeping track of the individual
units of data (called packet) that a message is divided into for efficient routing
through the Internet.
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enables the administrator to keep close track of switch performance and alter it
if necessary. Port mirroring can be managed locally or remotely.
PPPoE
(Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet) - A method used mostly by DSL
providers for connecting personal computers to a broadband modem for
Internet access.
It is similar to how a dial-up connection works but at higher
speeds and quicker access.
PPTP
(Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) - A protocol (set of communication
rules) that allows corporations to extend their own corporate network through
private “tunnels” over the public Internet. Effectively, a corporation uses a
wide-area network as a single large local area network. A company no longer
needs to lease its own lines for wide-area communication but can securely use
the public networks. This kind of interconnection is known as a virtual private
network.
PrintServer
- A hardware device that enables a printer to be located anywhere
in the network.
RIP
(Routing Information Protocol)
-
A simple routing protocol that is part of
the TCP/IP protocol suite. It determines a route based on the smallest hop count
between source and destination. RIP is a distance vector protocol that routine-
ly broadcasts routing information to its neighboring routers and is known to
waste bandwidth. AppleTalk, DECnet, TCP/IP, NetWare and VINES all use
incompatible versions of RIP.
RJ-11
(Registered Jack-11) - A telephone connector that holds up to six wires.
The RJ-11 the common connector used to plug a telephone into a wall.
RJ-45
(Registered Jack-45) - A connector similar to a telephone connector that
holds up to eight wires, used for connecting Ethernet devices.
Router
- Protocol-dependent device that connects subnetworks together.
Routers are useful in breaking down a very large network into smaller subnet-
works; they introduce longer delays and typically have much lower throughput
rates than bridges.
Server
- Any computer whose function in a network is to provide user access
to files, printing, communications, and other services.
Software
- Instructions for the computer. A series of instructions that per-
forms a particular task is called a “program.” The two major categories of
software are “system software” and “application software.” System software
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VLAN
(Virtual LAN) - A logical association that allows users to communi-
cate as if they were physically connected to a single LAN, independent of the
actual physical configuration of the network.
Virtual Server
- Multiple servers that appear as one server, or one system
image, to the operating system or for network administration.
Wake-on-LAN
- Wake on LAN is a technology that allows a network profes-
sional to remotely power on a computer or to wake it up from
sleep mode
.
WAN
- A communications network that covers a wide geographic area, such as
state or country.
WEP
(Wired Equivalent Privacy) - A data privacy mechanism based on a 64-
bit shared key algorithm, as described in the IEEE 802.11 standard.
WINIPCFG
- Configuration utility based on the Win32 API for querying,
defining and managing IP addresses within a network.
A commonly used util-
ity for configuring networks with static IP addresses.
Workgroup
- Two or more individuals that share files and databases.
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TCP/IP
- Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the
basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used
as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an
extranet). When you are set up with direct access to the Internet, your comput-
er is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other computer
that you may send messages to or get information from also has a copy of
TCP/IP.
TFTP
(Trivial File Transfer Protocol) - A version of the TCP/IP FTP protocol
that has no directory or password capability.
Throughput
- The amount of data moved successfully from one place to anoth-
er in a given time period.
Topology
- A network’s topology is a logical characterization of how the
devices on the network are connected and the distances between them. The
most common network devices include hubs, switches, routers, and gateways.
Most large networks contain several levels of interconnection, the most impor-
tant of which include edge connections, backbone connections, and wide-area
connections.
TX Rate
– Transmission Rate.
Upgrade
- To replace existing software or firmware with a newer version.
Upload
- To receive a file transmitted over a network. In a communications ses-
sion, upload means transmit, download means receive.
URL
(Uniform Resource Locator) - The address that defines the route to a file
on the Web or any other Internet facility. URLs are typed into the browser to
access Web pages, and URLs are embedded within the pages themselves to
provide the hypertext links to other pages.
UTP
- Unshielded twisted pair is the most common kind of copper telephone
wiring. Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many
business computers to the telephone company. To reduce crosstalk or electro-
magnetic induction between pairs of wires, two insulated copper wires are
twisted around each other. Each signal on twisted pair requires both wires.
Since some telephone sets or desktop locations require multiple connections,
twisted pair is sometimes installed in two or more pairs, all within a single
cable.
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Step One: To Ping an IP Address
The first step to determining your ISP’s web and e-mail server address is to
ping its IP Address.
1.
Power on the PC and the cable or DSL modem
, and restore the net-
work configuration set by your ISP if you have since changed it.
2.
Click Start
, then
Run,
and type "command"
to bring up the DOS win-
dow.
3.
At the DOS command prompt
, type "ping mail" (assuming that the
location for which you’re trying to find an IP address is configured as
“mail”). Press
Enter
. Information such as the following data, taken from
a ping of Microsoft Network’s email server, will be displayed.
C:\>ping mail
Pinging mail [24.53.32.4] with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 24.53.32.4: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
Reply from 24.53.32.4: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
Reply from 24.53.32.4: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
Reply from 24.53.32.4: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
Ping statistics for 24.53.32.4:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0%
loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum =
0ms, Average =
0ms
4.
Write down the IP address returned by the ping command
. (In the
example above: 24.53.32.4.)
This IP address is the actual IP address of
the server “mail”, or any other word or value you have pinged.
Appendix
How to Ping Your ISP’s E-mail & Web Addresses
Almost all Internet addresses are configured with words and characters, i.e.,
www.linksys.com
,
www.yahoo.com
, etc.
However, these Internet addresses are
actually assigned to
IP addresses
, numerical values which are the true address-
es on the Internet.
For example, www.linksys.com is actually 206.135.116.3. Type it into your web
browser and you will bring up the Linksys home page every time.
However, IP and web addresses are sometimes long and hard to remember.
Because of this, certain ISPs will shorten their server addresses to single words
or codes on their customers’ web browser or e-mail configurations.
If your ISP’s e-mail and Web server addresses are configured with single words
(“www”, “e-mail”, “home”, “pop3”, etc.) instead of complete Internet address-
es or IP addresses, your Router may have problems sending or receiving email
and accessing the Internet. This happens because your Router has not been con-
figured by your ISP to accept their abbreviated server addresses.
The solution is to find the true web addresses behind your ISP’s code words.
You can find these IP and web addresses of your ISP’s servers by “
pinging
them.
If you do not have your ISP’s web and e-mail IP address-
es, you
must
either get them from your ISP or follow these
steps
prior
to connecting your Cable/DSL Router to your
network.

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